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| Preface | |
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| A Guided Tour for the Student | |
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| Biochemistry Basics | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Chemical Elements | |
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| Chemical Bonds | |
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| Molecules | |
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| Ions | |
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| Polarity Influences Miscibility | |
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| Solutions | |
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| Chemical Reactions and Equilibrium | |
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| pH | |
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| Acid-Base Interconversions | |
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| Classes of Biological Substances | |
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| Cell Structure | |
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| Problems and Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Metabolism | |
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| Free-Energy Changes Earmark Metabolic Reactions | |
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| Determinants of Free-Energy Change | |
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| ATP, the Energy Currency of Cells | |
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| Phases of Metabolism | |
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| Oxidation-Reduction Reactions | |
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| Overview of Catabolism | |
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| Problems and Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Proteins | |
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| Amino Acids | |
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| The Peptide Bond | |
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| Primary Structure of Proteins | |
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| Secondary Structure | |
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| Tertiary Structure | |
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| Denaturation | |
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| Quaternary Structure | |
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| Protein Function | |
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| Oxygen Carriers | |
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| Myoglobin | |
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| Hemoglobin | |
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| The Wondrous Properties of Hemoglobin | |
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| Enzymes | |
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| The Active Site | |
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| Enzymes Affect the Rate but not the Direction of Reactions | |
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| Factors Affecting the Rate of Enzyme Reactions | |
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| Problems and Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Nucleic Acids and Gene Expression | |
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| Introducing Nucleic Acids | |
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| Flow of Genetic Information | |
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| Deoxyribonucleotides, the Building Blocks of DNA | |
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| Primary Structure of DNA | |
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| The Double Helix of DNA | |
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| The Genome of Living Organisms | |
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| DNA Replication | |
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| Mutations | |
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| RNA | |
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| Transcription | |
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| Genes and Gene Expression | |
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| Messenger RNA | |
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| Translation | |
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| The Genetic Code | |
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| Transfer RNA | |
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| Translation Continued | |
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| In The Beginning, RNA? | |
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| Problems and Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Carbohydrates and Lipids | |
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| Carbohydrates | |
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| Monosaccharides | |
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| Oligosaccharides | |
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| Polysaccharides | |
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| Lipids | |
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| Fatty Acids | |
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| Triacylglycerols | |
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| Phospholipids | |
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| Steroids | |
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| Cell Membranes | |
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| Problems and Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Part I Summary | |
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| Biochemistry of the Neural and Muscular Processes of Movement | |
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| Neural Control of Movement | |
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| Nerve Signals Are Transmitted in Two Ways | |
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| The Resting Potential | |
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| The Action Potential | |
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| Propagation of an Action Potential | |
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| Transmission of a Nerve Impulse from One Neuron to Another | |
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| Birth of a Nerve Impulse | |
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| The Neuromuscular Junction | |
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| A Lethal Arsenal at the Service of Research | |
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| Problems and Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Muscle Contraction | |
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| Structure of a Muscle Cell | |
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| The Sliding-Filament Theory | |
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| The Wondrous Properties of Myosin | |
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| Structure of Myosin | |
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| Actin | |
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| Sarcomere Architecture | |
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| Mechanism of Force Generation | |
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| Myosin Isoforms and Muscle Fiber Types | |
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| Control of Muscle Contraction | |
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| Excitation-Contraction Coupling | |
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| Problems and Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Part II Summary | |
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| Exercise Metabolism | |
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| Principles of Exercise Metabolism | |
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| Exercise Parameters | |
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| Experimental Models Used to Study Exercise Metabolism | |
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| Five Means of Metabolic Control in Exercise | |
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| Four Classes of Energy Sources in Exercise | |
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| Compounds of High Phosphoryl Transfer Potential | |
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| The ATP-ADP Cycle | |
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| The ATP-ADP Cycle in Exercise | |
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| Creatine Phosphate | |
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| Window to the Sarcoplasm | |
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| Loss of AMP by Deamination | |
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| Problems and Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Carbohydrate Metabolism in Exercise | |
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| Glycogen Metabolism | |
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| Exercise Speeds up Glycogenolysis in Muscle | |
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| The Cyclic-AMP Cascade | |
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| Recapping the Effect of Exercise on Glycogen Metabolism | |
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| Glycolysis | |
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| Exercise Speeds up Glycolysis in Muscle | |
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| Pyruvate Oxidation | |
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| Exercise Speeds up Pyruvate Oxidation in Muscle | |
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| The Citric Acid Cycle | |
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| Exercise Speeds up the Citric Acid Cycle in Muscle | |
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| The Electron Transport Chain | |
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| Oxidative Phosphorylation | |
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| Energy Yield of the Electron Transport Chain | |
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| Energy Yield of Carbohydrate Oxidation | |
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| Exercise Speeds up Oxidative Phosphorylation in Muscle | |
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| Lactate Production in Muscle During Exercise | |
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| Features of the Anaerobic Carbohydrate Catabolism | |
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| Utilizing Lactate | |
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| Gluconeogenesis | |
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| Exercise Speeds up Gluconeogenesis in the Liver | |
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| The Cori Cycle | |
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| Exercise Speeds up Glycogenolysis in the Liver | |
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| Control of the Plasma Glucose Concentration in Exercise | |
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| Blood Lactate Accumulation | |
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| Blood Lactate Removal | |
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| "Thresholds" | |
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| Problems and Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Lipid Metabolism in Exercise | |
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| Triacylglycerol Metabolism in Adipose Tissue | |
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| Exercise Speeds up Lipolysis | |
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| Fate of the Lipolytic Products During Exercise | |
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| Fatty Acid Degradation | |
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| Energy Yield of Fatty Acid Oxidation | |
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| Fatty Acid Synthesis | |
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| Exercise Speeds up Fatty Acid Oxidation in Muscle | |
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| Changes in the Plasma Fatty Acid Concentration and Profile During Exercise | |
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| Interconversion of Lipids and Carbohydrates | |
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| Plasma Lipoproteins | |
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| A Lipoprotein Odyssey | |
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| Effects of Exercise on Plasma Triacylglycerols | |
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| Effects of Exercise on Plasma Cholesterol | |
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| Exercise Increases Ketone Body Formation | |
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| Problems and Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Protein Metabolism in Exercise | |
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| Protein Metabolism | |
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| Effect of Exercise on Protein Metabolism | |
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| Amino Acid Metabolism in Muscle During Exercise | |
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| Amino Acid Metabolism in the Liver During Exercise | |
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| The Urea Cycle | |
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| Amino Acid Synthesis | |
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| Plasma Amino Acid, Ammonia, and Urea Concentrations During Exercise | |
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| Contribution of Proteins to the Energy Expenditure of Exercise | |
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| Effects of Training on Protein Metabolism | |
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| Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Effects of Exercise on Gene Expression | |
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| Stages in the Control of Gene Expression | |
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| Which Stages in the Control of Gene Expression Does Exercise Affect? | |
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| Kinetics of a Gene Product After Exercise | |
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| Exercise-Induced Changes that May Modify Gene Expression | |
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| Mechanisms of Exercise-Induced Muscle Hypertrophy | |
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| Mechanisms of Exercise-Induced Mitochondrial Biogenesis | |
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| Problems and Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Integration of Exercise Metabolism | |
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| Interconnections of Metabolic Pathways | |
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| Energy Systems | |
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| Energy Sources in Exercise | |
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| Choice of Energy Sources During Exercise | |
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| Effect of Exercise Intensity on the Choice of Energy Sources | |
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| Effect of Exercise Duration on the Choice of Energy Sources | |
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| Interaction of Duration and Intensity: Energy Sources in Running and Swimming | |
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| Effect of the Exercise Program on the Choice of Energy Sources | |
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| Effect of Heredity on the Choice of Energy Sources in Exercise | |
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| Conversions of Muscle Fiber Types | |
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| Effect of Nutrition on the Choice of Energy Sources During Exercise | |
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| Adaptations of the Proportion of Energy Sources During Exercise to Endurance Training | |
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| How Does Endurance Training Modify the Proportion of Energy Sources During Exercise? | |
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| Adaptations of Energy Metabolism to Anaerobic Training | |
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| Effect of Age on the Choice of Energy Sources During Exercise | |
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| Do Sex and Ambient Temperature Affect the Choice of Energy Sources During Exercise? | |
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| The Proportion of Fuels Can Be Measured Bloodlessly | |
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| Hormonal Effects on Exercise Metabolism | |
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| Fatigue | |
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| Central Fatigue | |
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| Peripheral Fatigue | |
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| Restoration of the Energy State After Exercise | |
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| Metabolic Changes in Detraining | |
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| Problems and Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Part III Summary | |
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| Biochemical Assessment of Exercising Persons | |
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| The Blood | |
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| Aims and Scope of the Biochemical Assessment | |
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| The Reference Interval | |
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| Classes of Biochemical Parameters | |
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| Iron Status | |
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| Hemoglobin | |
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| Hematologic Parameters | |
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| Does Sports Anemia Exist? | |
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| Iron | |
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| Total Iron-Binding Capacity | |
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| Transferrin Saturation | |
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| Soluble Transferrin Receptor | |
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| Ferritin | |
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| Iron Deficiency | |
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| Problems and Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Metabolites | |
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| Lactate | |
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| Estimating the Anaerobic Lactic Capacity | |
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| Programming Training | |
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| Estimating Aerobic Endurance | |
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| Glucose | |
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| Triacylglycerols | |
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| Cholesterol | |
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| HDL Cholesterol | |
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| LDL Cholesterol | |
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| Recapping Cholesterol | |
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| Glycerol | |
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| Urea | |
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| Ammonia | |
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| Creatinine | |
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| Problems and Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Enzymes and Hormones | |
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| Enzymes | |
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| Creatine Kinase | |
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| Aminotransferases | |
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| Steroid Hormones | |
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| Cortisol | |
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| Testosterone | |
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| Overtraining | |
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| Epilogue | |
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| Problems and Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Part IV Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Answers to Problems and Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Index | |
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| About the Author | |