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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Introduction to Effective Outdoor Leadership | |
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| Need for Effective Outdoor Leaders | |
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| Emerging and Designated Leaders | |
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| Research on Outdoor Leadership | |
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| Effective Outdoor Leaders | |
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| Creating the Appropriate Mixture in the Right Settings | |
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| Summary | |
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| Questions to Think About | |
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| References | |
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| Foundations of Adventure Programming | |
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| Philosophy of Adventure Programming | |
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| Philosophy: Definitions | |
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| Philosophical Models Supporting Adventure Programming | |
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| Cognitive, Behavioral, and Experiential Theories of Learning | |
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| Information Assimilation and Experiential Learning | |
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| Defining Structures in Adventure Programming | |
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| Product of Adventure: Affective Aspects | |
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| Process of Adventure | |
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| Adventure Programming Applications | |
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| Effective Outdoor Leaders | |
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| Summary | |
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| Questions to Think About | |
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| References | |
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| History of Adventure Programming | |
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| Beginnings | |
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| Outward Bound | |
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| Growth of Adventure Learning Programs | |
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| History of Outdoor Leadership Preparation | |
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| Certification Versus Accreditation | |
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| Effective Outdoor Leaders | |
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| Summary | |
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| Questions to Think About | |
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| References | |
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| Individual Behavior and Motivation | |
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| Physiological and Psychophysiological Factors | |
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| Theories and Models of Motivation | |
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| Effective Outdoor Leaders | |
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| Summary | |
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| Questions to Think About | |
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| References | |
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| Group Development and Dynamics | |
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| Stages of Group Development | |
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| Other Factors Affecting Group Dynamics | |
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| Effective Outdoor Leaders | |
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| Summary | |
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| Questions to Think About | |
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| References | |
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| Practical and Organizational Skills for Outdoor Leaders | |
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| Technical Skills | |
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| Generic, Metaskills, and Specific Competency | |
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| Specific Technical-Skill Competencies | |
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| Effective Outdoor Leaders | |
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| Summary | |
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| Questions to Think About | |
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| References | |
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| Additional Resources | |
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| Safety and Risk Management | |
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| Risk Is Essential | |
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| Accident Theory | |
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| Risk-Management Countermeasures | |
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| Risk-Management Skills | |
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| Effective Outdoor Leaders | |
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| Summary | |
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| Questions to Think About | |
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| References | |
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| Environmental Skills | |
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| Planning for an Environmentally Appropriate Experience | |
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| Hiking and Traveling With Minimal Impact | |
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| Camping and Campsite Behavior | |
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| Effective Outdoor Leaders | |
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| Summary | |
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| Questions to Think About | |
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| References | |
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| Trip Planning | |
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| Before the Trip | |
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| During the Trip | |
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| Back Home and Other Planning | |
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| Effective Outdoor Leaders | |
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| Summary | |
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| Questions to Think About | |
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| References | |
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| Legal Liability | |
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| Legal Liability | |
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| Four Conditions of Negligence | |
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| Applying the Four Conditions of Negligence in Court | |
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| Standard of Care: Being Reasonable and Prudent | |
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| Defenses Against Negligence Claims | |
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| Written Forms | |
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| After an Accident | |
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| Effective Outdoor Leaders | |
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| Summary | |
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| Questions to Think About | |
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| References | |
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| Instruction in Adventure Programming | |
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| Experiential Education | |
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| Rationale for Fostering Functional Growth | |
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| Educational Models Supporting Adventure Programming | |
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| Effective Outdoor Leaders | |
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| Summary | |
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| Questions to Think About | |
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| References | |
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| Instructional Methods | |
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| Five Depths of Learning | |
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| Public Speaking | |
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| Designing Effective Lessons | |
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| Objective Writing and Goal Setting | |
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| Effective Outdoor Leaders | |
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| Summary | |
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| Questions to Think About | |
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| References | |
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| Teaching Models | |
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| Phases of the Learning Experience | |
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| Range of Teaching Styles | |
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| Selecting the Most Appropriate Style | |
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| Effective Outdoor Leaders | |
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| Summary | |
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| Questions to Think About | |
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| References | |
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| Facilitation in Adventure Programming | |
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| The Process of Facilitation | |
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| Why Facilitate Adventure Experiences? | |
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| Importance of Transfer of Learning | |
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| Empowering Clients | |
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| Facilitation Guidelines | |
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| Six Generations of Adventure Facilitation | |
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| Adventure Programs and Facilitation Styles | |
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| Effective Outdoor Leaders | |
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| Summary | |
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| Questions to Think About | |
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| References | |
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| Basic Facilitation Techniques | |
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| Discussion Techniques | |
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| Alternative Reflections and Nonverbal Methods | |
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| Debriefing the Experience | |
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| Frontloading the Experience | |
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| Effective Outdoor Leaders | |
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| Summary | |
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| Questions to Think About | |
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| References | |
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| Advanced Facilitation Techniques | |
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| Isomorphically Framing the Experience | |
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| Indirectly Frontloading the Experience | |
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| Effective Outdoor Leaders | |
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| Summary | |
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| Questions to Think About | |
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| References | |
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| Facilitation Roles | |
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| Assess Needs | |
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| Be Neutral | |
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| Construct Change Processes | |
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| Deal With Resistance | |
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| Exceptions Produce Solutions | |
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| Feedback Aids Learning | |
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| Effective Outdoor Leaders | |
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| Good Listening Elicits Useful Questions | |
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| Summary | |
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| Questions to Think About | |
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| References | |
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| Metaskills for Outdoor Leaders | |
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| Flexible Leadership Style | |
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| Leadership Styles | |
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| Leadership Orientation | |
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| Conditional Favorability | |
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| Conditional Outdoor Leadership Theory Model | |
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| Applying the COLT Model | |
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| Effective Outdoor Leaders | |
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| Summary | |
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| Questions to Think About | |
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| References | |
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| Effective Communication | |
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| Communication Defined | |
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| Improving Communication | |
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| Effective Outdoor Leaders | |
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| Summary | |
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| Questions to Think About | |
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| References | |
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| Experience-Based Judgment | |
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| The Judgment Cycle | |
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| Role of Piagetian Theory | |
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| Role of Heuristics | |
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| Developing Judgment | |
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| Effective Outdoor Leaders | |
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| Summary | |
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| Questions to Think About | |
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| References | |
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| Problem Solving | |
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| Multiphase Problem Solving | |
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| Solving Problems Using the Multiphase Model | |
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| Effective Outdoor Leaders | |
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| Summary | |
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| Questions to Think About | |
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| References | |
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| Decision Making | |
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| Divergence | |
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| Convergence | |
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| Qualitative Modifications | |
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| Application to Problem Solving | |
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| Decision Making and Leadership Styles | |
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| Effective Outdoor Leaders | |
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| Summary | |
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| Questions to Think About | |
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| References | |
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| Professional Ethics | |
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| Principle and Virtue Ethics | |
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| Kitchener's Model of Ethical Decision Making | |
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| Ethical Guidelines for Outdoor Leaders | |
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| Effective Outdoor Leaders | |
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| Summary | |
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| Questions to Think About | |
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| References | |
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| Trends and Issues | |
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| Factors at Work | |
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| Growth | |
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| Environment | |
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| Technology | |
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| Burnout | |
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| Professionalism | |
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| Research | |
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| Growth Curves and Life Cycles | |
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| Rebirth or Death? | |
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| Effective Outdoor Leaders | |
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| Summary | |
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| Questions to Think About | |
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| References | |
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| Author Index | |
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| Subject Index | |