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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgements | |
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| History and Current Status of the Study of Physical Activity and Health | |
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| Why Study Physical Activity and Health? | |
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| Human Evolution, History, and Physical Activity | |
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| Burden of Chronic Diseases | |
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| Health and Its Determinants | |
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| Aging and Health | |
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| Defining Physical Activity and Physical Fitness | |
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| Physical Inactivity Versus Physical Activity | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Materials | |
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| Historical Perspectives on Physical Activity, Fitness, and Health | |
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| Early Beliefs About Physical Activity and Health Scientific Inquiry on Exercise and Health | |
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| Evolution of Physical Activity Guidelines | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Materials | |
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| Physical Activity and Fitness with Age Among Sex and Ethnic Groups | |
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| Physical Activity | |
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| Physical Fitness | |
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| In Closing... | |
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| Review Materials | |
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| Effects of Physical Activity on the Human Organism | |
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| Metabolic, Cardiovascular, and Respiratory Responses to Physical Activity | |
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| Relationship of Energy to Physical Activity | |
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| Oxygen Consumption and Cardiovascular and Respiratory Responses to Exercise | |
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| Effect of Training, Age, and Gender on Maximal Oxygen Uptake | |
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| Application to Exercise Training and Physical Activity Interventions | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Materials | |
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| Acute Response to Physical Activity and Exercise | |
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| Lipids and Lipoproteins | |
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| Insulin-Glucose Dynamics | |
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| Blood Pressure | |
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| Hematological Changes | |
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| Immune Function Responses | |
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| Responses Related to Energy Balance | |
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| Augmentation of Acute Effects by Training | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Materials | |
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| Hormonal Response to Regular Physical Activity | |
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| Defining Hormones | |
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| Importance of Hormonal Regulation | |
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| Regular Physical Activity and Hormonal Adaptations | |
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| Summary and Conclusions | |
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| Review Materials | |
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| Skeletal Muscle Adaptation to Regular Physical Activity | |
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| Skeletal Muscle and Human Life | |
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| Muscle Cell-Composition, Structure, and Function | |
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| Muscle Fiber Types and Subtypes | |
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| Muscle Adaptation and Functional Consequences | |
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| Aging Muscle-The Role of Training | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Materials | |
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| Response of Brain, Liver, Kidney, and Other Organs and Tissues to Regular Physical Activity | |
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| Acute Effects of Physical Activity | |
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| Chronic Effects of Physical Activity | |
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| Issues Requiring Further Research | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Materials | |
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| Physical Activity, Fitness, and Health | |
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| Physical Activity, Fitness, and Mortality Rates | |
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| Physical Activity, Fitness, and Mortality | |
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| Biological Mechanisms | |
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| Summary and Conclusions | |
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| Review Materials | |
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| Physical Activity, Fitness, and Cardiac, Vascular, and Pulmonary Morbidities | |
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| Physical Inactivity and Low Cardiorespiratory Fitness As Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Morbidities | |
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| Physical Inactivity and Low Cardiorespiratory Fitness As Risk Factors for Pulmonary Morbidities | |
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| Biological Mechanisms | |
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| Role of Physical Activity in Patients With Cardiac, Vascular, and Pulmonary Morbidities | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Materials | |
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| Physical Activity, Fitness, and Obesity | |
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| Definition and Problem of Overweight and Obesity | |
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| Fat Depots | |
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| Relationships Among Excess Weight, Physical Activity, and Fitness | |
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| Role of Physical Activity in Prevention and Treatment of Excess Weight | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Materials | |
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| Physical Activity, Fitness, and Diabetes Mellitus | |
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| Diabetes: Concept and Prevalence | |
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| Epidemiology, Etiology, and Complications of Type 2 Diabetes | |
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| Impact of Physical Activity on Insulin and Glucose Metabolism | |
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| Epidemiological Evidence Indicating Benefits of Physical Activity in Preventing Type 2 Diabetes | |
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| Summary of Randomized Controlled Trials on the Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes | |
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| Importance of Regular Physical Activity for People With Type 2 Diabetes | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Materials | |
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| Physical Activity, Fitness, and Cancer | |
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| Importance of Cancer | |
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| How Physical Activity and Physical Fitness Decrease the Risk of Developing Cancer | |
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| How We Study Whether Physical Activity and Physical Fitness Decrease the Risk of Developing Cancer | |
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| Physical Activity, Physical Fitness, and Site-Specific Cancers | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Materials | |
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| Physical Activity, Fitness, and Joint and Bone Health | |
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| Burden of Selected Musculoskeletal Diseases in the Population | |
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| Dose-Response Relationships Between Physical Activity and Injury, Osteoarthritis, and Osteoporosis | |
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| Physical Activity, Bone Development and Maintenance, and Preservation of Function | |
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| Challenges in Defining Exposure Data for Musculoskeletal Outcomes | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Materials | |
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| Physical Activity, Muscular Fitness, and Health | |
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| History of Resistance Training and Its Role in Health | |
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| Fundamental Aspects of Resistance Training | |
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| Resistance Training Throughout the Life Span | |
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| Resistance Training in Disease and Disability | |
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| Summary and Conclusions | |
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| Review Materials | |
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| Exercise and Its Effects on Mental Health | |
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| Models of Exercise and Mental Health Research | |
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| Exercise and Anxiety | |
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| Exercise and Depression | |
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| Proposed Explanations for the Psychological Benefits of Exercise | |
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| Detrimental Psychological Responses to Exercise | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Materials | |
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| Physical Activity, Fitness, and Children | |
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| Cardiovascular Health | |
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| Bone Health and Osteoporosis | |
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| Strategies for Promoting Physical Activity in Youth | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Review Materials | |
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| Physical Activity, Fitness, and Aging | |
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| The Aging Process | |
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| Methodological Considerations in Aging Research | |
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| Demographics of Physical Activity Among Older Adults | |
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| Dimensions of Physical Activity and Their Relationship to Health and Function in Aging | |
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| Programmatic Issues in Promoting Physical Activity in Older Populations | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Materials | |
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| Risks of Physical Activity | |
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| Risks of Physical Activity and Sport Participation | |
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| Minimizing Risk and Maximizing Benefits | |
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| Recommendations for Future Research | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Materials | |
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| How Much Is Required and What Are the Delivery Modes? | |
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| Dose-Response Issues in Physical Activity, Fitness, and Health | |
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| Principles Guiding the Body's Response to Activity | |
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| Components of the Physical Activity Dose | |
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| Factors Determining Optimal Activity Dose | |
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| Physical Activity Versus Fitness When Considering Dose for Health Benefits | |
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| Summary and Conclusions | |
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| Review Materials | |
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| Physical Activity and Exercise Programs | |
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| What Are Physical Activity and Exercise Programs? | |
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| Settings for Physical Activity and Exercise Programs | |
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| Strengths of Structured Versus Unstructured Programs | |
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| Physical Activity and Exercise Programs for Subpopulations and Groups | |
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| Summary of the Effectiveness of Physical Activity Interventions | |
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| Review Materials | |
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| New Challenges and Opportunities | |
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| Genetic Differences in the Relationships Among Physical Activity, Fitness, and Health | |
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| Basics of Human Genetics | |
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| Events in Human Genes and Genomes | |
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| Genetic Variation Among Sedentary People | |
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| Individual Differences in Response to Regular Exercise | |
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| Genes and Responses to Exercise | |
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| Trait-Specific Response to Exercise | |
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| Summary and Perspective | |
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| Review Materials | |
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| An Integrated View of Physical Activity, Fitness, and Health | |
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| Chapter Overview | |
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| Physical Activity versus Inactivity: Universal Value Versus Damaging Consequences | |
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| Developing and Implementing Physical Activity Plans | |
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| Research Questions and Issues | |
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| Summary and Conclusions | |
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| Review Materials | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |
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| About the Editors | |
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| About the Contributors | |