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| An Introduction to Aging | |
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| Quantity and Quality of Life | |
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| What Is Aging? | |
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| How Is Aging Described? | |
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| What Causes Aging? | |
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| Can the Aging Process Be Slowed? | |
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| How Does Physical Aging Affect the Quality of Life? | |
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| Quality of Life Components | |
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| Health and Fitness Contributions in Different Age Categories | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Individual Differences | |
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| Assessment of Individual Differences | |
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| Sources of Individual Differences | |
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| How Research Design Affects Our View of Individual Differences | |
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| Can the Process of Studying People Influence Individual Differences? | |
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| Biological Age | |
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| Importance of Individual Differences in Understanding Aging Research | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Physical Changes in Structure, Capacity, and Endurance | |
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| Physical Development and Decline | |
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| Changes in Body Shape | |
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| Changes in Body Composition | |
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| Changes in Bone | |
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| Coping With the Interface of Aging Bones, Muscles, and Tendons | |
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| Skin: Taking the Brunt of the Environment for Years | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Function | |
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| Aging Effects on the Cardiovascular System | |
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| Aging Effects on the Respiratory System | |
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| Preventing or Postponing Aging Effects on the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Muscular Strength and Power | |
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| Strength and Power | |
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| Changes in Muscular Strength With Age | |
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| Why Strength Decreases With Age | |
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| Resistance Training for Strength | |
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| Muscular Power | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Suggested Reading | |
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| Motor Coordination, Motor Control, and Skill | |
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| Balance and Posture | |
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| Defining the Multiple Dimensions of Balance | |
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| Theoretical Framework of Balance and Mobility | |
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| Intrinsic Systems Contributing to Balance and Mobility | |
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| Age-Associated Changes in the Systems Contributing to Balance and Mobility | |
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| Posture | |
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| Evaluating the Multiple Dimensions of Balance | |
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| Locomotion | |
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| Age-Associated Changes in Gait | |
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| Measuring Gain | |
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| Falling-When Balance Fails | |
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| Can Falling in the Elderly Be Prevented? | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Behavioral Speed | |
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| Response Speed | |
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| Age-Sensitive Factors That Affect Response Speed | |
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| Reaction Time and Variability | |
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| Other Factors Influencing Speed of Processing | |
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| Theories of Response Slowing | |
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| Neurobiological Explanations of Age-Related Slowing | |
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| Movement Speed | |
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| Functional Significance of Behavioral Speed | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Motor Control, Coordination, and Skill | |
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| Definitions of Coordination, Control, and Learning | |
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| Age-Related Sensorimotor Changes That Affect Coordination and Control | |
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| Theoretical Strategies to Explain Coordination, Control, and Learning | |
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| How Coordination and Control Are Accomplished | |
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| Upper Limb and Hand Control | |
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| Aging Effects on Two Important Tasks: Driving and Handwriting | |
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| Learning Physical Skills | |
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| Mechanisms of Learning: Neural Plasticity | |
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| Compensatory Strategies for Losses of Coordination | |
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| Psychological and Emotional Factors That Influence Coordination and Learning | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Physical-Psychosocial Relationships | |
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| Health, Exercise, and Cognitive Function | |
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| Concepts of Physical Activity, Health and Fitness, and Cognitive Function | |
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| Health and Physical Activity Effects on Cognitive Function | |
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| Mechanisms by Which Physical Activity May Benefit Cognition | |
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| Process by Which Fitness May Benefit Cognitive Function | |
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| Implications of a Physical Activity-Cognition Relationship for Older Adults | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Suggested Reading | |
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| Health-Related Quality of Life | |
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| Quality of Life | |
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| Well-Being | |
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| Physical Function, Physical Activity, Fitness, and Exercise | |
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| Influence of Exercise on Well-Being | |
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| Characteristics of Exercise Related to Well-Being | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Physical Performance and Achievement | |
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| Physical Function of Older Adults | |
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| Definitions of Physical Function | |
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| Hierarchy of Physical Function in Older Adults | |
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| Determining Physical Function in the Elderly | |
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| Role of Physical Activity in Postponing Disability and Facilitating Independent Living | |
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| Exercise Interventions and Physical Function | |
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| Expectations for Physical Performance of the Old and Oldest-Old | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Physically Elite Older Adults | |
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| Who Are the "Physically Elite" Older Adults? | |
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| Masters Athletes | |
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| Studying the Elite Physical Performance of Masters Athletes | |
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| Masters Athletes' Record Performances | |
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| Estimating Age-Related Changes in Physiological Function Capacity | |
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| Nonphysiological Factors That Influence Maximum Sport Performance | |
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| Social Support Systems and the Positive Secular Trend | |
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| How Do They Do It? | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Suggested Readings | |