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| Anatomy, Physiology, and Assessment Techniques | |
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| Introduction to the Care of Critically III and Injured Patients | |
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| Clinical Limitations of Hemodynamic Measurements | |
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| Other Important Considerations | |
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| Pulmonary Anatomy and Physiology | |
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| Pulmonary Anatomy and Physiology | |
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| Ventilation | |
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| Distribution | |
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| Diffusion | |
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| Perfusion/Transport | |
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| Physical Factors that Affect Distribution of Lung Blood Volume | |
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| Transport | |
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| Physical Assessment of the Pulmonary System | |
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| Overview of Physical Assessment | |
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| Symptoms and Signs of Pulmonary Disease | |
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| Specific Techniques of Physical Assessment | |
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| Cardiovascular Anatomy and Physiology | |
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| Overview of the Cardiovascular System | |
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| Heart | |
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| Factors Affecting Cardiac Output | |
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| Coronary Circulation | |
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| Factors That Determine Coronary Blood Flow | |
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| Circuit (Vascular System) | |
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| Physical Assessment of the Cardiovascular System | |
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| Symptoms and Signs of Cardiovascular Disease | |
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| Specific Techniques of Physical Assessment | |
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| Monitoring Techniques | |
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| Fluid-Filled Monitoring Systems | |
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| Fluid-Filled Monitoring Systems | |
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| Types of Monitoring Systems | |
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| Components of the Fluid-Filled Electronic Monitoring System | |
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| Physical Principles Involved in Pressure Monitoring Systems | |
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| Dynamic Response Testing | |
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| Orientation of the Intravascular Catheter Relative to the Flow of Blood and Catheter Whip Artifact | |
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| Assembly of the Monitoring System | |
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| Patient Position for Zero Referencing and Pressure Monitoring | |
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| Zero Referencing | |
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| Leveling | |
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| Monitor and Transducer Calibration | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Arterial Pressure Monitoring | |
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| Definition of Arterial Pressure | |
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| Clinical Caveats for All Types of Arterial Pressure Measurements | |
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| Indirect Methods of Measuring Blood Pressure | |
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| Direct Arterial Pressure Measurement | |
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| Comparison of Direct and Indirect Blood Pressure Measurements | |
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| Establishment of Central Venous Access | |
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| Insertion Sites | |
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| Equipment for Cannulation of the Central Veins | |
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| Preinsertion Protocol and Considerations | |
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| Techniques for Gaining Venous Access | |
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| Percutaneous Access Systems and Techniques | |
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| Sites of Central Venous Catheter Insertion | |
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| Immediate Life-Threatening Complications | |
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| Postinsertion Protocol and Site Maintenance | |
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| Central Venous Catheter Removal | |
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| Monitoring Central Venous Pressure | |
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| Clinical Application of Central Venous Pressure Measurements | |
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| Limitations of Central Venous Pressure Monitoring | |
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| Central Venous Pressure Measurements Obtained by a Pressure Transducer Versus a Calibrated Water Manometer | |
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| Central Venous Insertion Sites and Protocol for Catheter Insertion | |
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| Types of Catheters Used for Central Venous Pressure Measurement | |
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| Protocols for Obtaining Central Venous Pressure Measurements Using a Pressure Tranducer/Electronic Monitor | |
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| Complications of Central Venous Pressure Monitoring | |
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| Catheter Removal | |
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| Pulmonary Artery Pressure Monitoring | |
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| Indications for Pulmonary Artery Catheterization | |
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| Contraindications and Special Considerations of Pulmonary Artery Catheterization | |
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| Effects of Pulmonary Artery Catheterization on Patient Outcome | |
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| Catheter Design and Types | |
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| Methods and Sites of Pulmonary Artery Catheter Insertion | |
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| Preparation and Equipment Setup | |
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| Removal of the Pulmonary Artery Catheter | |
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| Clinical Application of the Pulmonary Artery Catheter | |
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| Potential Problems and Pitfalls in Obtaining Accurate Hemodynamic Measurements | |
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| Identification and Solution of Monitoring Problems | |
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| Complications of Pulmonary Artery Catheterization | |
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| Monitoring Cardiac Output | |
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| Factors Affecting Cardiac Output | |
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| Effect of Anatomic Shunting and Regurgitant Flow on Cardiac Output Measurements | |
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| Clinical Application of Cardiac Output Measurements | |
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| Invasive Methods of Calculating Cardiac Output | |
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| Noninvasive Means of Calculating Cardiac Output | |
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| Monitoring Oxygenation | |
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| Physiologic Effects of Hypoxia | |
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| Oxygen Supply, Demand, and Consumption Balance | |
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| Conditions That May Compromise Tissue Oxygenation | |
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| Compensatory Mechanisms | |
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| Monitoring Techniques for Continuously Assessing the Effectiveness of the Oxygen Transport and Utilization Systems | |
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| Clinical Applications and Considerations of Combined Arterial and Mixed Venous Oxygen Saturation Monitoring | |
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| Conditions Associated with Increases In Svo[subscript 2] | |
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| Summary | |
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| Care of Critically Ill and Injured Patients | |
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| Infusion-Related Sepsis | |
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| Incidence | |
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| Standardized Microbiologic Definitions of Intravascular Device-Related Infections | |
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| Clinical Syndromes of Infusion-Related Infection | |
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| Pathogenesis of Infusion-Related Sepsis | |
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| Diagnosis of Infusion-Related Sepsis | |
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| Microorganisms Associated with Infusion-Related Sepsis | |
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| Risk Factors for Infusion-Related Sepsis | |
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| Septic Risk Specific to Types of Vascular Catheters | |
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| Treatment | |
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| Prevention and Management | |
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| Pharmacologic Influences on Hemodynamic Parameters | |
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| Role of Hemodynamic Monitoring in Intensive Care Unit Drug Therapy | |
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| Factors That Determine Drug Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion | |
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| Mechanisms of Action of Cardiovascular Medications | |
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| Pharmacologic Modification of Autonomic Nervous System Influences on the Cardiovascular System | |
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| Antiarrhythmic Drug Therapy | |
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| Intravenous Medications Commonly Used for Hemodynamic Support of Critically Ill or Injured Patients | |
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| Discussion | |
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| Intraaortic Balloon Counterpulsation | |
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| Definition | |
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| Principles Underlying Balloon Counterpulsations | |
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| Technique of Catheter Placement | |
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| Effects of the Intraaortic Balloon Pump on the Arterial Waveform | |
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| Triggers for Balloon Inflation and Deflation | |
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| Timing of Inflation/Deflation Cycles | |
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| Physical Assessment Considerations for Patients Being Maintained on the Intraaortic Balloon Pump | |
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| Balloon Pressure Waveform | |
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| Causes of Abnormal Balloon Pressure Waveform Morphology | |
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| Types and Causes of Abnormal Balloon Pressure Waveforms | |
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| Complications and Risk Factors | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Monitoring the Patient in Shock | |
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| Pathophysiology | |
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| Stages of Shock | |
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| Diagnosis of Shock | |
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| General Principles of Therapy | |
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| Classification of Shock by Cause | |
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| Other Categories of Shock | |
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| Monitoring the Patient with Multiple-System Organ Dysfunction | |
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| Historical Perspective | |
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| Definition | |
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| Epidemiology | |
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| Diagnostic Criteria for Organ System Dysfunction and Failure | |
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| Pathophysiology | |
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| Hemodynamic Profile | |
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| Clinical Presentation and Course | |
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| Laboratory Examination | |
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| Management | |
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| Prognosis | |
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| Monitoring Patients with Acute Pulmonary Disease | |
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| Acute Respiratory Failure | |
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| Causes of Acute Respiratory Failure | |
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| Summary | |
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| Pediatric Evaluation and Monitoring Considerations | |
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| Cardiopulmonary Physiology and Maturation in Cardiovascular Function | |
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| Clinically Relevant Differences Between Children and Adults | |
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| Clinical Assessment of Hemodynamic Competency in Pediatric Patients | |
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| Congenital Heart Disease | |
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| Fluid-Filled Monitoring Systems | |
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| Monitoring System Setup to Ensure Accurate Display of Hemodynamic Measurements | |
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| Application of Hemodynamic Monitoring Systems in Assessment of Pediatric Patients | |
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| Noninvasive and Invasive Techniques of Blood Pressure Measurement | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Specific Monitoring Considerations for Patients with Cardiac Disease | |
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| Factors Affecting Cardiac Function and Stroke Colume | |
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| Heart Failure | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Ischemic Heart Disease | |
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| Epidemiology and Causes | |
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| Pathophysiology | |
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| Angina Pectoris | |
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| Acute Myocardial Infarction | |
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| Valvular Heart Disease | |
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| Aortic Stenosis | |
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| Aortic Regurgitation (Insufficiency) | |
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| Mitral Stenosis | |
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| Mitral Regurgitation (Insufficiency) | |
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| Tricuspid Regurgitation (Insufficiency) | |
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| Complex Valvular Heart Disease | |
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| Cardiomyopathies and Pericardial Disease | |
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| Cardiomyopathies | |
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| Constrictive Pericardial Disease (Constrictive Pericarditis) | |
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| Pericardial Tamponade (Cardiac Tamponade) | |
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| Monitoring the Patient Following Open Heart Surgery | |
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| Historical Perspective | |
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| Preoperative Evaluation | |
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| Preoperative Preparation of the Patient and Family | |
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| Postoperative Management | |
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| Index | |