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| Preface | |
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| Framework of Climate Science | |
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| Overview of Climate Science | |
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| Climate and Climate Change | |
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| Development of Climate Science | |
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| Overview of the Climate System | |
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| Tools of Climate Science: Temperature Scales | |
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| Earth's Climate System Today | |
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| Heating Earth | |
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| Heat Transfer in Earth's Atmosphere | |
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| Heat Transfer in Earth's Oceans | |
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| Ice on Earth | |
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| Earth's Biosphere | |
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| Looking Deeper into Climate Science: The Structure of Earth's Atmosphere | |
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| Climate Interactions and Feedbacks: Albedo/Temperature | |
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| Climate Interactions and Feedbacks: Water in the Climate System | |
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| Climate Interactions and Feedbacks: Water Vapor | |
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| Looking Deeper into Climate Science: The Coriolis Effect | |
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| Climate Interactions and Feedbacks: Vegetation-Climate Feedbacks | |
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| Climate Archives, Data, and Models | |
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| Climate Archives | |
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| Climate Data | |
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| Climate Models | |
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| Tectonic-Scale Climate Change | |
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| Co[subscript 2] and Long-Term Climate | |
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| Greenhouse Worlds | |
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| The Faint Young Sun Paradox | |
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| Carbon Exchanges between Rocks and the Atmosphere | |
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| Climate Factors That Control Chemical Weathering | |
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| Chemical Weathering: Earth's Thermostat? | |
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| Is Life the Ultimate Control on Earth's Thermostat? | |
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| Climate Debate: A Snowball Earth? | |
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| Looking Deeper into Climate Science: The Organic Carbon Subcycle | |
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| Plate Tectonics and Climate | |
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| Plate Tectonics | |
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| The Polar Position Hypothesis | |
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| Modeling Climate on the Supercontinent Pangaea | |
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| Tectonic Control of CO[subscript 2] Input: The BLAG Spreading Rate Hypothesis | |
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| Tectonic Control of CO[subscript 2] Removal: The Uplift Weathering Hypothesis | |
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| What Controls Chemical Weathering? | |
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| Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Brief Glaciation 430 Myr Ago | |
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| Greenhouse Earth | |
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| What Explains Greenhouse Warmth 100 Myr Ago? | |
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| Sea Level Changes and Climate | |
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| Asteroid Impacts | |
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| Climate Interactions and Feedbacks: The Effect of CO[subscript 2] on Climate | |
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| Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Calculating Changes in Sea Level | |
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| Back into the Icehouse: The Last 55 Million Years | |
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| Global Climate Change Since 55 Myr Ago | |
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| Why Did Global Climate Cool over the Last 55 Myr? | |
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| Understanding and Predicting Tectonic Climate Change | |
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| Tools of Climate Science: Oxtygen Isotope Ratios ([delta superscript 18]O) | |
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| Climate Debate: The Timing of Uplift in Western North America | |
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| Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Is [superscript 87]Sr/[superscript 86]Sr an Index of Chemical Weathering? | |
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| Orbital-Scale Climate Change | |
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| Astronomical Control of Solar Radiation | |
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| Earth's Orbit Today | |
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| Long-Term Changes in Earth's Orbit | |
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| Changes in Insolation Received on Earth | |
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| Looking for Orbital-Scale Changes in Climate Records | |
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| Tools of Climate Science: Cycles and Modulation | |
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| Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Earth's Precession as a Sine Wave | |
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| Insolation Control of Monsoons | |
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| Monsoon Circulations | |
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| Evidence of Orbital-Scale Changes in Summer Monsoons | |
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| Refinements of the Orbital Monsoon Hypothesis | |
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| Monsoon Forcing Earlier in Earth's History | |
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| Insolation Control of Ice Sheets | |
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| What Controls the Size of Ice Sheets? | |
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| Modeling the Behavior of Ice Sheets | |
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| Northern Hemisphere Ice Sheet History | |
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| Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Ice Volume Response to Insolation | |
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| Climate Debate: Antarctic Deglaciation 3 Myr Ago? | |
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| Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Sea Level on Uplifting Islands | |
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| Orbital-Scale Changes in Carbon Dioxide and Methane | |
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| Ice Cores | |
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| Orbital-Scale Changes in Methane | |
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| Orbital-Scale Changes in CO[subscript 2] | |
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| Tools of Climate Science: Carbon Isotope Ratios ([delta superscript 13]C) | |
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| Climate Debate: Do Winds Fertilize the Glacial Ocean? | |
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| Orbital-Scale Interactions in the Climate System | |
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| Orbital-Scale Forcing and Response Revisited | |
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| Ice-Driven Climate Responses | |
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| CO[subscript 2] Level and Ice Volume: Which Drives Which? | |
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| The Mystery of the 100,000-Year Cycle | |
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| Deglacial and Millennial Climate Changes | |
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| The Last Glacial Maximum | |
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| The Glacial World: More Ice and Less Gas | |
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| Testing Model Simulations Against Biotic Data | |
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| Data-Model Comparisons of Glacial Maximum Climates | |
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| How Cold Were the Glacial Tropics? | |
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| Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Ventilating the Glacial Ocean | |
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| Climate During and Since the Last Deglaciation | |
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| Fire and Ice: A Shift in the Balance of Power | |
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| Climate Changes During and Since Deglaciation | |
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| Fading Memories of Melting Ice | |
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| Predicting Future Orbital-Scale Changes | |
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| Tools of Climate Science: Deglacial [superscript 14]C Dates Are Too Young | |
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| Climate Interactions and Feedbacks: Giant Deglacial Floods | |
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| Millennial Oscillations in Climate | |
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| Millennial Oscillations During Glaciations | |
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| Millennial Oscillations During the Last 8000 Years | |
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| Causes of Millennial-Scale Oscillations | |
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| Implications of Millennial Oscillations for Future Climate | |
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| Tools of Climate Science: [delta superscript 18]O Fluctuations in Ice Cores | |
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| Historical and Future Climate Changes | |
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| Historical Changes in Climate | |
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| The Little Ice Age: Local or Global? | |
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| Proxy Measures of Historical Climate | |
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| Historical and Instrumental Observations | |
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| Natural Causes of Historical Climate Changes | |
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| Tools of Climate Science: Analyzing Tree Rings | |
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| Climate Interactions and Feedbacks: El Nino | |
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| Climate Debate: Satellites vs. Surface Temperatures | |
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| Humans and Climate Change | |
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| The Impact of Climate on Human Evolution | |
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| The Impact of Climate on Early Civilizations | |
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| Early Impacts of Humans on Climate | |
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| The Impacts of Humans on the Atmosphere: The Last 250 Years | |
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| Climate Debate: Impacts of Humans on CH[subscript 4] Levels for 5000 Years? | |
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| Climate in the Twentieth Century | |
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| The Impact of Natural Variations in Climate | |
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| Earth's Sensitivity to Greenhouse Gases | |
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| Causes of Global Warming in the Twentieth Century | |
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| The Greenhouse Debate: Proponents and Skeptics | |
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| Climate Interactions and Feedbacks: Direct Radiative Forcing | |
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| Climate Interactions and Feedbacks: Deep-Ocean Warming in the Twentieth Century? | |
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| Climate Change in the Next 100 to 1000 Years | |
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| Natural Variations in Climate | |
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| Future Human Impacts on Climate | |
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| Future Climate Change Caused by Increased CO[subscript 2] | |
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| Monitoring Greenhouse Warming: The Next Few Decades | |
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| The Impacts of Future Increases in Greenhouse Gases on Humans | |
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| Climate Interactions and Feedbacks: Will Frozen Methane Melt? | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Index | |