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| Preface | |
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| What Are the Origins of Brain and Behavior? | |
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| Focus on Disorders: Traumatic Brain Injury | |
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| Why Study Brain and Behavior? | |
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| Focus on Disorders: Linking Brain Function to Brain Injury | |
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| What Is the Brain? | |
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| Gross Structure of the Nervous System | |
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| What Is Behavior? | |
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| Perspectives on Brain and Behavior | |
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| Aristotle and Mentalism | |
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| Descartes and Dualism | |
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| Focus on New Research: The Origins of Spoken Language | |
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| Darwin and Materialism | |
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| Evolution of Brain and Behavior | |
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| Origin of Brain Cells and Brains | |
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| Classification of Life | |
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| Evolution of Animals with Nervous Systems | |
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| The Chordate Nervous System | |
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| Human Evolution | |
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| Humans: Members of the Primate Order | |
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| Australopithecus: Our Distant Ancestor | |
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| The First Humans | |
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| Evolution of the Human Brain | |
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| Brain Size and Behavior | |
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| Why the Hominid Brain Enlarged | |
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| Studying Brain and Behavior in Modern Humans | |
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| Fallacies of Human Brain-Size Comparisons | |
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| Culture | |
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| Focus on Disorders: Learning Disabilities | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| For Further Thought | |
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| Recommended Reading | |
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| How Does the Nervous System Function? | |
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| Focus on New Research: Optimizing Connections in the Brain | |
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| An Overview of Brain Function and Structure | |
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| The Brain's Primary Functions | |
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| Basic Brain Terminology | |
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| The Brain's Surface Features | |
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| Focus on Disorders: Meningitis and Encephalitis | |
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| The Brain's Internal Features | |
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| Focus on Disorders: Stroke | |
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| Microscopic Inspection: Cells and Fibers | |
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| Neuroanatomy and Functional Organization of the Nervous System | |
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| Evolutionary Development of the Nervous System | |
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| The Central Nervous System | |
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| The Somatic Nervous System | |
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| Focus on Disorders: Magendie, Bell, and Bell's Palsy | |
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| The Autonomic Nervous System | |
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| Eight Principles of Nervous System Function | |
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| The Sequence of Brain Processing Is "In to Integrate to Out" | |
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| Sensory and Motor Divisions Exist Throughout the Nervous System | |
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| Many of the Brain's Circuits Are Crossed | |
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| The Brain Is Both Symmetrical and Asymmetrical | |
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| The Nervous System Works Through Excitation and Inhibition | |
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| The Central Nervous System Functions on Multiple Levels | |
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| Brain Systems Are Organized Both Hierarchically and in Parallel | |
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| Functions in the Brain Are Both Localized and Distributed | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| For Further Thought | |
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| Recommended Reading | |
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| What Are the Units of Nervous System Function? | |
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| Focus on New Research: Programming Behavior | |
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| Cells of the Nervous System | |
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| Neurons | |
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| Glial Cells | |
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| Focus on Disorders: Brain Tumors | |
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| Focus on Disorders: Multiple Sclerosis | |
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| Internal Structure of a Cell | |
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| Elements and Atoms | |
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| Molecules | |
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| Parts of a Cell | |
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| Genes, Cells, and Behavior | |
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| Chromosomes and Genes | |
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| Focus on New Research: Knocking out Genes | |
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| Genotype and Phenotype | |
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| Dominant and Recessive Alleles | |
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| Genetic Mutations | |
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| Mendel's Principles Apply to Genetic Disorders | |
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| Chromosome Abnormalities | |
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| Focus on Disorders: Huntington's Chorea | |
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| Genetic Engineering | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| For Further Thought | |
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| Recommended Reading | |
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| How Do Neurons Transmit Information? | |
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| Focus on Disorders: Epilepsy | |
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| Electricity and Neurons | |
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| Early Clues to Electrical Activity in the Nervous System | |
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| Modern Tools for Measuring a Neuron's Electrical Activity | |
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| How the Movement of Ions Creates Electrical Charges | |
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| Electrical Activity of a Membrane | |
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| Resting Potential | |
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| Graded Potentials | |
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| The Action Potential | |
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| Focus on New Research: Opening the Voltage-Sensitive Gates | |
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| The Nerve Impulse | |
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| Saltatory Conduction and Myelin Sheaths | |
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| How Neurons Integrate Information | |
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| Excitatory and Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials | |
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| Focus on Disorders: Myasthenia Gravis | |
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| Summation of Inputs | |
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| The Axon Hillock | |
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| Into the Nervous System and Back Out | |
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| How Sensory Stimuli Produce Action Potentials | |
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| How Nerve Impulses Produce Movement | |
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| Focus on Disorders: Lou Gehrig's Disease | |
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| Studying the Brain's Electrical Activity | |
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| Single-Cell Recordings | |
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| EEG Recordings | |
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| Event-Related Potentials | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| For Further Thought | |
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| Recommended Reading | |
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| How Do Neurons Communicate and Adapt? | |
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| Focus on Classic Research: The Basis of Neural Communication in a Heartbeat | |
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| A Chemical Message | |
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| Structure of Synapses | |
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| Focus on Disorders: Parkinson's Disease | |
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| Neurotransmission in Fours Steps | |
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| Varieties of Synapses | |
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| Excitatory and Inhibitory Messages | |
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| Evolution of Complex Neurotransmission Systems | |
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| Varieties of Neurotransmitters | |
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| Identifying Neurotransmitters | |
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| Classifying Neurotransmitters | |
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| Focus on Disorders: Awakening with L-Dopa | |
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| Receptors for Direct and Indirect Effects | |
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| Neurotransmitter Systems and Behavior | |
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| Neurotransmission in the Somatic Nervous System | |
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| Neurotransmission in the Autonomic Nervous System | |
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| Neurotransmission in the Central Nervous System | |
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| Focus on Disorders: The Case of the Frozen Addict | |
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| Role of Synapses in Learning and Memory | |
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| Habituation Response | |
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| Sensitization Response | |
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| Long-Term Potentiation and Associative Learning | |
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| Learning at the Synapse | |
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| Focus on New Research: Dendritic Spines, Small but Mighty | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| For Further Thought | |
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| Recommended Reading | |
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| How Does the Brain Develop and Adapt? | |
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| Focus on Comparative Biology: Metamorphosis | |
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| Perspectives on Brain Development | |
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| Mr. Higgins Builds a House | |
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| Linking Brain and Behavioral Development | |
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| Neurobiology of Development | |
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| Gross Development of the Human Nervous System | |
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| Origins of Neurons and Glia | |
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| Growth and Development of Neurons | |
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| Focus on Disorders: Cerebral Palsy | |
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| Glial Development | |
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| Correlating Behavior with Brain Development | |
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| Motor Behaviors | |
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| Language Development | |
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| Development of Problem-Solving Ability | |
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| A Caution about Linking Correlation to Causation | |
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| Brain Development and the Environment | |
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| Experience and Cortical Organization | |
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| Experience and Neural Connectivity | |
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| Critical Periods for Experience and Brain Development | |
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| Abnormal Experience and Brain Development | |
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| Focus on Disorders: Romanian Orphans | |
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| Hormones and Brain Development | |
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| Focus on New Research: Hormones and the Range of a Behavior | |
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| Injury and Brain Development | |
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| Drugs and Brain Development | |
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| Other Kinds of Abnormal Brain Development | |
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| Mental Retardation | |
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| Focus on Disorders: Schizophrenia | |
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| How Do Any of Us Develop a Normal Brain? | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| For Further Thought | |
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| Recommended Reading | |
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| How Do Drugs and Hormones Influence the Brain and Behavior? | |
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| Focus on New Research: The Neural Basis of Drug Cravings | |
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| The Domoic Acid Mystery | |
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| Principles of Psychopharmacology | |
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| Drug Routes into the Nervous System | |
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| Individual Differences in Response to Psychoactive Drugs | |
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| Drug Action at Synapses: Agonists and Antagonists | |
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| An Acetylcholine Synapse: Examples of Drug Action | |
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| Classification of Psychoactive Drugs | |
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| Antianxiety Agents and Sedative Hypnotics | |
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| Focus on Disorders: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | |
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| Antipsychotic Agents | |
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| Antidepressants | |
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| Narcotic Analgesics | |
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| Focus on Disorders: Major Depression | |
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| Stimulants | |
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| Drugs, Experience, Context, and Genes | |
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| Tolerance | |
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| Sensitization | |
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| Addiction and Dependence | |
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| Explaining Drug Abuse | |
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| Behavior on Drugs | |
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| Why Doesn't Everyone Abuse Drugs? | |
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| Can Drugs Cause Brain Damage? | |
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| Focus on Disorders: Drug-Induced Psychosis | |
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| Hormones | |
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| Hierarchical Control of Hormones | |
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| Homeostatic Hormones | |
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| Gonadal Hormones | |
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| Stress Hormones | |
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| Ending a Stress Response | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| For Further Thought | |
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| Recommended Reading | |
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| How Do We Sense, Perceive, and See the World? | |
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| Focus on Disorders: Migraines and a Case of Blindsight | |
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| The Nature of Sensation and Perception | |
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| Sensory Experience and Sensory Reality | |
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| Focus on New Research: Testing Vision in Nonhuman Subjects | |
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| Analyzing Sensory Information | |
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| Anatomy of the Visual System | |
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| Light: The Stimulus for Vision | |
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| Structure of the Eye | |
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| Focus on Disorders: Optical Errors of Refraction and Visual Illuminance | |
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| Photoreceptors | |
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| Retinal-Neuron Types | |
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| Visual Pathways | |
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| Dorsal and Ventral Visual Streams | |
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| Location in the Visual World | |
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| Coding Location in the Retina | |
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| Location in the LGN and Cortical Region V1 | |
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| The Visual Corpus Callosum | |
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| Neural Activity | |
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| Seeing Shape | |
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| Seeing Color | |
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| Neural Activity in the Dorsal Stream | |
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| The Visual Brain in Action | |
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| Injury to the Visual Pathway Leading to the Cortex | |
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| Injury to the "What" Pathway | |
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| Focus on Disorders: Carbon Monoxide Poisoning | |
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| Injury to the "How" Pathway | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| For Further Thought | |
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| Recommended Reading | |
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| How Do We Hear, Speak, and Make Music? | |
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| Focus on New Research: The Evolution of Language and Music | |
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| Sound Waves: The Stimulus for Audition | |
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| Physical Properties of Sound Waves | |
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| Perception of Sound | |
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| Properties of Language and Music As Sounds | |
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| Anatomy of the Auditory System | |
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| Structure of the Ear | |
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| Auditory Receptors | |
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| Pathways to the Auditory Cortex | |
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| Auditory Cortex | |
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| Neural Activity and Hearing | |
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| Hearing Pitch | |
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| Detecting Loudness | |
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| Detecting Location | |
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| Detecting Patterns in Sound | |
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| Anatomy of Language and Music | |
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| Processing Language | |
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| Focus on Disorders: Left-Hemisphere Dysfunction | |
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| Focus on Disorders: Arteriovenous Malformations | |
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| Processing Music | |
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| Focus on Disorders: Cerebral Aneurysms | |
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| Auditory Communication in Nonhuman Species | |
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| Birdsong | |
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| Echolocation in Bats | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| For Further Thought | |
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| Recommended Reading | |
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| How Does the Nervous System Respond to Stimulation and Produce Movement? | |
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| Focus on Comparative Biology: Portrait of an Artist | |
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| Hierarchical Control of Movement | |
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| The Forebrain and Initiating Movement | |
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| The Brainstem and Species-Typical Movement | |
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| The Spinal Cord and Executing Movement | |
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| Focus on Disorders: Autism | |
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| Focus on Disorders: Spinal-Cord Injury | |
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| Organization of the Motor System | |
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| The Motor Cortex | |
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| Corticospinal Tracts | |
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| Motor Neurons | |
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| Control of Muscles | |
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| The Motor Cortex and Skilled Movements | |
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| Investigating Neural Control of Skilled Movements | |
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| Control of Skilled Movements in Nonhuman Species | |
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| How Motor-Cortex Damage Affects Skilled Movements | |
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| The Basal Ganglia and the Cerebellum | |
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| The Basal Ganglia and Movement Force | |
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| Focus on Disorders: Tourette's Syndrome | |
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| The Cerebellum and Movement Skill | |
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| Organization of the Somatosensory System | |
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| Somatosensory Receptors and Perception | |
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| Dorsal-Root Ganglion Neurons | |
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| Somatosensory Pathways to the Brain | |
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| Spinal Reflexes | |
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| Feeling and Treating Pain | |
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| The Vestibular System and Balance | |
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| Exploring the Somatosensory Cortex | |
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| The Somatosensory Homunculus | |
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| Focus on New Research: Tickling | |
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| Effects of Damage to the Somatosensory Cortex | |
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| The Somatosensory Cortex and Complex Movement | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| For Further Thought | |
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| Recommended Reading | |
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| What Causes Emotional and Motivated Behavior? | |
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| Focus on New Research: The Pain of Rejection | |
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| Identifying the Causes of Behavior | |
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| Behavior for Brain Maintenance | |
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| Drives and Behavior | |
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| Neural Circuits and Behavior | |
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| The Nature of Behavior: Why Cats Kill Birds | |
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| Biology, Evolution, and Environment | |
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| Evolutionary Influences on Behavior | |
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| The Chemical Senses | |
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| Environmental Influences on Behavior | |
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| Inferring Purpose in Behavior: To Know a Fly | |
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| Neuroanatomy of Motivated Behavior | |
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| Regulatory and Nonregulatory Behavior | |
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| The Hypothalamic Circuit's Regulatory Function | |
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| The Limbic Circuit's Organizing Function | |
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| The Frontal Lobes' Executive Function | |
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| Focus on Disorders: Agenesis of the Frontal Lobe | |
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| Stimulating Emotion | |
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| The Amygdala and Emotional Behavior | |
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| The Prefrontal Cortex and Emotional Behavior | |
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| Emotional Disorders | |
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| Focus on Disorders: Anxiety Disorders | |
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| Control of Regulatory Behavior | |
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| Controlling Eating | |
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| Focus on Disorders: Weight-Loss Strategies | |
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| Controlling Drinking | |
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| Control of Nonregulatory Behavior | |
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| Effects of Sex Hormones on the Brain | |
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| Focus on Disorders: Androgen-Insensitivity Syndrome and the Androgenital Syndrome | |
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| The Hypothalamus, the Amygdala, and Sexual Behavior | |
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| Sexual Orientation, Sexual Identity, and Brain Organization | |
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| Cognitive Influences on Sexual Behavior | |
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| Reward | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| For Further Thought | |
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| Recommended Reading | |
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| Why Do We Sleep and Dream? | |
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| Focus on Comparative Biology: The Variety of Biological Rhythms | |
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| A Clock for All Seasons | |
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| Origins of Biological Rhythms | |
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| Biological Clocks | |
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| Biological Rhythms | |
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| Free-Running Rhythms | |
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| Zeitgebers | |
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| Focus on Disorders: Seasonal Affective Disorder | |
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| Neural Basis of the Biological Clock | |
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| Suprachiasmatic Rhythms | |
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| Evidence for Dual Clocks | |
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| Immortal Time | |
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| What Ticks? | |
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| Pacemaking Circadian Rhythms | |
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| Focus on New Research: Synchronizing Biorhythms at the Molecular Level | |
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| Pacemaking Circannual Rhythms | |
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| Sleep Stages and Dreaming | |
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| Measuring How Long We Sleep | |
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| Measuring Sleep in the Laboratory | |
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| A Typical Night's Sleep | |
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| Non-REM Sleep | |
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| Focus on Disorders: Restless Legs Syndrome | |
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| REM Sleep and Dreaming | |
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| What We Dream About | |
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| What Does Sleep Accomplish? | |
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| Sleep As a Passive Process | |
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| Sleep As a Biological Adaptation | |
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| Sleep As a Restorative Process | |
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| Sleep and Memory Storage | |
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| Neural Basis of Sleep | |
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| Reticular Activating System and Sleep | |
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| Neural Basis of the EEG Changes Associated with Waking | |
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| Neural Basis of REM Sleep | |
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| Sleep Disorders | |
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| Disorders of Non-REM Sleep | |
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| Focus on Disorders: Sleep Apnea | |
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| Disorders of REM Sleep | |
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| Sleep and Consciousness | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| For Further Thought | |
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| Recommended Reading | |
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| How Do We Learn and Remember? | |
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| Focus on New Research: Movement, Learning, and Neuroplasticity | |
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| Connecting Learning and Memory | |
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| Studying Learning and Memory in the Laboratory | |
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| Two Categories of Memory | |
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| What Makes Explicit and Implicit Memory Different? | |
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| What Is Special about Personal Memories? | |
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| Dissociating Memory Circuits | |
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| Focus on Disorders: Patient Boswell's Amnesia | |
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| Neural Systems Underlying Explicit and Implicit Memories | |
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| Neural Circuit for Explicit Memories | |
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| Focus on Disorders: Alzheimer's Disease | |
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| Neural Circuit for Implicit Memories | |
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| Focus on Disorders: Korsakoff's Syndrome | |
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| Neural Circuit for Emotional Memories | |
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| Structural Basis of Brain Plasticity | |
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| Measuring Synaptic Change | |
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| Enriched Experience and Plasticity | |
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| Sensory or Motor Training and Plasticity | |
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| Plasticity, Hormones, Trophic Factors, and Drugs | |
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| Recovery from Brain Injury | |
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| Donna's Experience with Brain Injury | |
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| Three-Legged Cat Solution | |
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| New-Circuit Solution | |
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| Lost-Neuron-Replacement Solution | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| For Further Thought | |
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| Recommended Reading | |
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| How Does the Brain Think? | |
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| Focus on Comparative Biology: Animal Intelligence | |
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| The Nature of Thought | |
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| Characteristics of Human Thought | |
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| The Neural Unit of Thought | |
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| Cognition and the Association Cortex | |
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| Knowledge about Objects | |
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| Spatial Cognition | |
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| Attention | |
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| Focus on New Research: Pay Attention! | |
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| Planning | |
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| Imitation and Understanding | |
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| Studying the Human Brain and Cognition | |
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| Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience | |
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| Focus on Disorders: Neuropsychological Assessment | |
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| The Power of Cognitive Neuroscientific Analysis | |
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| Cerebral Asymmetry in Thinking | |
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| Anatomical Asymmetry | |
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| Functional Asymmetry in Neurological Patients | |
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| Functional Asymmetry in the Normal Brain | |
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| The Split Brain | |
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| Explaining Cerebral Asymmetry | |
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| The Left Hemisphere, Language, and Thought | |
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| Variations in Cognitive Organization | |
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| Sex Differences in Cognitive Organization | |
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| Handedness and Cognitive Organization | |
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| Synesthesia | |
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| Focus on Disorders: The Sodium Amobarbital Test | |
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| Focus on Disorders: A Case of Synesthesia | |
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| Intelligence | |
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| The Concept of General Intelligence | |
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| Multiple Intelligences | |
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| Divergent and Convergent Intelligence | |
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| Intelligence, Heredity, Environment, and the Synapse | |
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| Consciousness | |
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| Why Are We Conscious? | |
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| What Is the Neural Basis of Consciousness? | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| For Further Thought | |
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| Recommended Reading | |
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| What Happens When the Brain Misbehaves? | |
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| Focus on New Research: Neuropsychoanalysis | |
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| Research on Brain and Behavioral Disorders | |
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| Multidisciplinary Research Methods | |
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| Causes of Abnormal Behavior | |
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| Investigating the Neurobiology of Behavior Disorders | |
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| Classifying and Treating Brain and Behavioral Disorders | |
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| Identifying and Classifying Mental Disorders | |
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| Treatments for Disorders | |
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| Focus on New Research: Treating Behavioral Disorders with TMS | |
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| Understanding and Treating Neurological Disorders | |
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| Traumatic Brain Injury | |
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| Stroke | |
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| Epilepsy | |
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| Multiple Sclerosis | |
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| Neurodegenerative Disorders | |
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| Are Parkinson's and Alzheimer's Aspects of One Disease? | |
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| Understanding and Treating Psychiatric Disorders | |
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| Psychotic Disorders | |
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| Mood Disorders | |
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| Focus on New Research: Antidepressant Action in Neurogenesis | |
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| Anxiety Disorders | |
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| Is Misbehavior Always Bad? | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| For Further Thought | |
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| Recommended Reading | |
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| Epilogue: What Have We Learned and What Is Its Value? | |
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| Neuroscience in an Evolutionary Context | |
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| Revisiting the Principles of Nervous System Function | |
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| Information-Processing Sequence in the Brain Is "In to Integrate to Out" | |
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| Sensory and Motor Functions Throughout the Nervous System Are Separated | |
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| Inputs and Outputs to the Brain Are Crossed | |
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| Brain Anatomy and Function Display Both Symmetry and Asymmetry | |
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| The Nervous System Works Through Excitation and Inhibition | |
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| The Nervous System Functions on Multiple Levels | |
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| Brain Components Operate Both Hierarchically and in Parallel | |
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| Functions in the Brain Are Both Localized in Specific Regions and Distributed | |
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| Neuroscience in the Twenty-first Century | |
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| Why Do Scientists Use Animals in Research? | |
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| Focus on Comparative Biology: Ethics and Animal Research | |
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| Framing the Animal Research Controversy | |
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| Arguments That Favor the Use of Animals in Research | |
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| The Health and Well-being of Animals and Humans | |
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| Insights into the Evolution of the Human Body | |
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| Restricted Experimentation on Humans | |
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| Arguments Against the Use of Animals in Research | |
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| The Scientific Arguments | |
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| The Philosophical Arguments | |
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| Legislation and Professional Guidelines for the Use Animals in Research | |
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| Policies of Professional Societies on the Use of Animals in Research | |
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| The Future of Research with Animals | |
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| Glossary | |
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| References | |
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| Name Index | |