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| Preface | |
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| Blame Parents | |
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| Do the Good Die Young? | |
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| The Family Myth | |
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| The Optimistic Parent | |
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| The Evolution of Family Size | |
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| The Puzzle of Obligate Brood Reduction | |
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| How Many Babies? | |
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| Avian Families | |
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| Core and Marginal Offspring | |
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| Asymmetric Sibling Rivalry Creates Disposable Offspring | |
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| The Evolution of Family Structure | |
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| What Is Parental Optimism? | |
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| Why Parental Optimism? | |
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| Tracking Erratic Resources | |
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| Replacement | |
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| Facilitation | |
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| Multiple Incentives for Parental Optimism | |
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| Are Humans Optimistic Parents? | |
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| Why Parents Play Favorites | |
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| Mom Always Liked You Best | |
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| The Fivefold Advantage of Favoritism | |
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| The Benefits and Costs of Unequal Parental Investment | |
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| Divestment of Unneeded Offspring | |
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| Benefits of Diversification | |
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| Correcting Earlier Decisions | |
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| Bet Hedging and Brood Reduction | |
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| How Parents Play Favorites | |
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| What Is a Phenotypic Handicap? | |
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| How Birds Play Favorites | |
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| Primary Versus Secondary Handicaps | |
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| How Blackbirds Play Favorites | |
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| Reversible Handicaps | |
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| How Marsupials Play Favorites | |
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| Brood Reduction in Rabbits | |
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| How Plants Play Favorites | |
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| Different Species, Same Idea | |
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| Humans Play Favorites Too | |
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| Birth Order and favoritism | |
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| Family Conflict | |
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| Genetic Conflict between Parents and Offspring | |
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| Parent-Offspring Conflict | |
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| Pregnancy and Parent-Offspring Conflict | |
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| Natural-Born Cancers | |
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| Imprinted Genes in Humans | |
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| Genetic Conflict and Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome | |
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| Parent-Offspring Conflict over Embryo Growth | |
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| Imprinting and Gestational Diabetes | |
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| Pregnancy Sickness and Genetic Conflict | |
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| HCG: The Hormone of Pregnancy Sickness? | |
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| Evolution of Chorionic Gonadotropins in Primates | |
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| Chorionic Gonadotropins and Miscarriage | |
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| Selfishness Unconstrained | |
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| Brood Parasitic Birds | |
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| Old World Cuckoos | |
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| ...and New World Cowbirds | |
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| Cowbird Mafia? | |
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| Cuckoo Catfish | |
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| The Origins of Brood Parasitism | |
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| Adopting Runaways? | |
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| Forced Adoption of Nonkin | |
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| Voluntary Adoption of Nonkin | |
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| The Lesson of Brood Parasitism | |
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| Screening for Offspring Quality | |
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| The Logic of Progeny Choice | |
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| Sequential versus Simultaneous Progeny Choice | |
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| Progeny Choice in Humans | |
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| Adaptive Miscarriage | |
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| Chromosomal Defects in Humans | |
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| Sex Chromosomes and Birth Defects | |
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| Turner's Syndrome and Genomic Imprinting | |
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| Birth Defects and Maternal Age | |
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| Rejecting Low-Quality Embryos | |
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| HCG and Adaptive Miscarriage | |
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| Relaxed Screening in Older Mothers? | |
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| Why Relaxed Selection? | |
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| Why More Spontaneous Abortions in Older Mothers? | |
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| The Origin of Genetic Defects | |
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| The Shadow of Menopause | |
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| Screening, Maternal Age, and the Role of Genomic Imprinting | |
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| Maternal Age and Twinning | |
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| Why Twins? | |
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| The Evolution of Brood and Family Size | |
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| Fault-Tolerant Design in Humans | |
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| Twinning as an Insurance Strategy | |
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| Insurance Offspring in Birds | |
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| In Vitro Fertilization and Twinning | |
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| Age, Trisomy 21, and Twinning | |
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| More Than Just Polyovulation | |
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| Twinning and Individual Optimization | |
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| Fit or Fat? | |
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| A Womb for Two | |
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| Natural Selection on Twinning Frequency | |
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| Brood Reduction before Birth? | |
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| Fatal Sibling Rivalry | |
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| Siblicide | |
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| Desperado Siblings Result from Extreme Favoritism | |
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| The Good and the Best | |
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| Facultative Versus Obligate Brood Reduction | |
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| Ultraselfish Alleles | |
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| Human Twins | |
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| "Biological" Influences | |
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| Family Harmony | |
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| Cooperation in Families | |
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| The Arthur Dent Effect | |
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| Why Cooperation? | |
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| The Road to Cooperation | |
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| Parental Optimism and the Evolution of Cooperation | |
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| Polyembryony and New Roles for Marginal Offspring | |
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| Parasitoid Wasps | |
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| Adaptive Suicide? | |
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| The Benefits of Teamwork | |
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| Social Insects: The Ultimate Team Players | |
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| Trophic Offspring | |
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| Sibling Synergies in Birds and Mammals | |
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| Conflict When Necessary, but Not Necessarily Conflict | |
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| Cooperative Defense...against Parents? | |
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| Facilitation in Humans? | |
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| Finding Their Niche: Birth Order and Human Behavior | |
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| Cannibalism and Infanticide | |
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| The Pathways to Cannibalism | |
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| Honey, I Ate the Kids | |
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| Offspring Designed to be Eaten | |
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| The Pathways to Infanticide | |
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| Sexually Selected Infanticide | |
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| Killer Rodents | |
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| Infanticide in Families | |
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| The Unwilling Parent? | |
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| Brave New Worlds | |
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| Artificial Parental Optimism and Infanticide | |
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| An Epidemic of Multiple Births | |
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| Risks of Multiple Gestation | |
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| The Ghost in the Machine | |
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| Embryo Reduction | |
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| Artificial Progeny Choice | |
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| Refining Artificial Progeny Choice | |
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| Does Assisted Reproduction Cause Low-Quality Progeny? | |
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| Send in the Clones | |
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| Parental Optimism and the Law of Unintended Consequences | |
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| Blame Parents | |
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| Debunking the Family Myth | |
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| Selected References | |
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| Index | |