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List of Tables | |
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List of Figures | |
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Preface | |
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Introduction | |
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The Hawaiian Islands as a Model Ecosystem | |
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Model Systems | |
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Microcosms and Well-studied Systems | |
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A Brief Natural History | |
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The Formation of the Hawaiian Islands | |
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Determinants of Climate | |
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Isolation | |
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Evolution, Conservation, and Culture | |
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Evolution and Speciation | |
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Conservation Biology | |
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Cultural Evolution | |
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Gradients in Environmental Factors, Gradients in Ecosystems | |
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The State Factor Framework | |
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Environmental Gradients as Model Systems | |
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Temperature | |
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Precipitation | |
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The Mauna Loa Matrix | |
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A Substrate Age Gradient across the Hawaiian Islands | |
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Age Control | |
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Climate History | |
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Basic Features of the Gradient | |
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Patterns and Processes in Long-term Ecosystem Development | |
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A Theory for Nutrient Dynamics during Ecosystem Development | |
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Biogeochemical Processes on the Substrate Age Gradient | |
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Soil P Pools | |
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C and N Pools | |
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Available Nutrients | |
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Foliar Nutrients | |
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Forest Productivity | |
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Efficiencies of Resource Use | |
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Decomposition and Nutrient Regeneration | |
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Soil Organic Matter Turnover | |
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Plant-Soil-Microbial Feedbacks | |
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Experimental Studies of Nutrient Limitation and the Regulation of Nutrient Cycling | |
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Fertilization Experiments | |
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Nutrient Limitation | |
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Nutrient Availability and Plant-Soil-Microbial Feedback | |
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Tissue Nutrient Concentrations | |
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Productivity | |
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Resource Efficiencies | |
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Decomposition | |
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Nutrient Regeneration | |
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Controls of Plant-Soil-Microbial Feedback | |
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Nutrient Inputs to Hawaiian Ecosystems: Pathways, Rates, and Controls | |
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Inputs of Elements | |
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Weathering | |
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Concepts and Definitions | |
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Approaches | |
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Element Inputs via Weathering | |
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Atmospheric Inputs | |
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Background | |
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Deposition Measurements | |
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Inputs of Water | |
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Nitrogen Inputs | |
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Influence of an Active Volcano | |
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Inputs of Other Elements | |
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Long-Distance Dust Transport | |
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Background | |
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Methods | |
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Element Inputs | |
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The Fate of Dust | |
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Biological N Fixation | |
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Background | |
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Approach | |
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Rates of Fixation | |
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Other Inputs | |
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Combined Inputs by All Known Pathways | |
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Strontium Isotopes: A Direct Test of Input Pathways | |
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Chloride and Sulfate | |
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Mobile Cations | |
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Silicon and Aluminum | |
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Nitrogen and Phosphorus | |
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Nutrient Outputs: Pathways, Controls, and Input-Output Budgets | |
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Output Pathways | |
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Leaching | |
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N-Containing Trace Gases | |
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Erosion | |
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Other Pathways of Loss | |
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Rates and Controls of N and P Losses | |
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Input-Output Budgets | |
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Budget Calculations | |
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Using These Element Budgets | |
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Issues and Opportunities | |
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Interactions of Time Scales | |
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An Exploratory Model | |
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Supply versus Demand | |
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Plant-Soil-Microbial Feedbacks | |
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Sources and Sinks | |
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Inputs and Outputs | |
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Interactions across Scales | |
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The Regulation of Nutrient Inputs and Outputs | |
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Demand-Independent Pathways of Element Loss | |
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Implications of Demand--Independent Nutrient Losses | |
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Stoichiometry and Flexibility | |
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Within-System Element Cycling | |
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Inputs and Outputs | |
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Biological N Fixation | |
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Differences in Populations, Species, and Diversity | |
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Biological Differences and Ecosystem Functioning | |
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Diversity and Ecosystem Functioning | |
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Three Final Points | |
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References | |
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Index | |