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Introduction | |
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A Brief Conceptual Framework for Biology | |
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Understanding Nature | |
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The Antecedents of Scientific Thought | |
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Animism, Totemism, and Shamanism | |
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The Paleolithic View | |
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Mesopotamia | |
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Egypt | |
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Aristotle and the Greek View of Nature | |
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The Science of Animal Biology | |
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The Parts of Animals | |
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The Classification of Animals | |
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The Aristotelian System | |
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Basic Questions | |
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Those Rational Greeks? | |
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Theophrastus and the Science of Botany | |
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The Roman Pliny | |
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Hippocrates, the Father of Medicine | |
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Erasistratus | |
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Galen of Pergamum | |
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The Greek Miracle | |
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The Judeo-Christian Worldview | |
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The Bishop of Hippo | |
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Scholastic Thought | |
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Islamic Science | |
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Books on Beasts | |
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Antecedents of a Revolution | |
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The Revival of Science | |
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Andreas Vesalius and the Study of Structure | |
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William Harvey and the Study of Function | |
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Sir Francis Bacon's Great Instauration | |
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Induction, Hypothesis, Deduction | |
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The Very Small--Animalcules | |
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Robert Hooke and the Discovery of Cells | |
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Figur'd Stones and Plastick Virtue | |
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Marine Life on Mountain Tops? | |
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Figured Stones of Unknown Creatures | |
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Baron Cuvier | |
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Quarries of the Paris Basin | |
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Catastrophism and Uniformitarianism | |
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William Smith and the Geological Column | |
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Understanding Nature in 1850 | |
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The Growth of Evolutionary Thought | |
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The Paradigm of Evolution | |
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First Questions | |
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The Paradigm of Natural Theology | |
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First Answers | |
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Testing Darwin's Hypotheses | |
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Have Life Forms Changed over Time? | |
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Do Species Evolve into Different Species over Time? | |
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Has There Been Time Enough for Evolution? | |
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Is Natural Selection the Mechanism of Change? | |
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The Genetic Basis of Natural Selection | |
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Accounting for the Diversity of Life | |
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In the Light of Evolution | |
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Comparative Anatomy | |
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Embryonic Development | |
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Classification | |
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Microstructure | |
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Molecular Processes | |
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Life over Time | |
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The Origin of Life | |
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The Rise of Multicelled Organisms | |
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What Is a Phylum? | |
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Burgess Shale Metazoans | |
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Early Evolution of the Vertebrates | |
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The Age of Dinosaurs | |
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Birds, Mammals, and Flowering Plants | |
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The Rancho La Brea Tar Pits | |
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Human Evolution | |
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The Role of Extinction in Evolution | |
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Classical Genetics | |
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Pangenesis | |
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What Is the Question? | |
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Hippocrates and Aristotle | |
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The Darwinian Answer | |
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Assembling the Data | |
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Formulating the Hypothesis by Induction | |
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Galton's Rabbits | |
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The Cell Theory | |
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The Discovery of Cells: Robert Hooke | |
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Schwann and Cells in Animals | |
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Gametes as Cells | |
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Omnis cellula e cellula? | |
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The Technology of Cell Research | |
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The Hypothesis of Chromosomal Continuity | |
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The Ephemeral Nucleus | |
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Schneider, Flemming, and Cell Division | |
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The Chromosomes and Inheritance | |
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Gamete Formation | |
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Fertilization | |
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Mendel and the Birth of Genetics | |
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Model for Monohybrid Crosses | |
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Model for Dihybrid Crosses | |
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Mendel's Laws | |
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Initial Opposition to Mendelism | |
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Genetics + Cytology: 1900-1910 | |
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Sutton's Model | |
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The Cytological Basis of Mendel's Laws | |
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Boveri and Abnormal Chromosome Sets | |
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Variations in Mendelian Ratios | |
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The Discovery of Sex Chromosomes | |
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The Genetics of the Fruit Fly | |
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Morgan's First Hypothesis | |
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Morgan's Second Hypothesis | |
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The Fly Room | |
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Linkage and Crossing-Over | |
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The Cytological Proof of Crossing-Over | |
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Mapping the Chromosomes | |
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The Final Proof | |
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The Determinants of Sex | |
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The Conceptual Foundations of Classical Genetics | |
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The Structure and Function of Genes | |
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One Gene, One Enzyme | |
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The Substance of Inheritance | |
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The Watson-Crick Model of DNA | |
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Genes and the Synthesis of Proteins | |
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The Genetic Code | |
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The Enigma of Development | |
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First Principles | |
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The Peripatetic Stagirite | |
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The Death and Rebirth of Scientific Thought | |
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Harvey and Malpighi | |
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A Two-Millennial Summing Up | |
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Preformation versus Epigenesis | |
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The Century of Discovery | |
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Von Baer's Discovery of the Mammalian Ovum | |
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Darwin's Contribution to Embryology | |
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Haeckel and Recapitulation | |
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Descriptive Embryology | |
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Germ Layers | |
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The External Development of the Amphibian Embryo | |
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The Internal Development of the Amphibian Embryo | |
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The Dawn of Analytical Embryology | |
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His, Roux, and Mosaic Development | |
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Driesch and Regulative Development | |
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Novelty in Development | |
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Cell Lineage | |
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Nucleus or Cytoplasm? | |
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Fin de Siecle | |
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Interactions during Development | |
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Amphibian Organizers | |
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Secondary Organizers | |
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The Reacting Tissue | |
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The Chemical Nature of the Organizer | |
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Putting It All Together | |
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Conclusion | |
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Further Reading | |
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References | |
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Illustration Credits | |
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Index | |