| |
| |
| List of Figures | |
| |
| |
| Preface | |
| |
| |
| Acknowledgments | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Before DNA: Genetic Markers | |
| |
| |
| Immunogenetics of the ABO Group | |
| |
| |
| Is the Theory Generally Accepted? | |
| |
| |
| More Immunogenetic Markers | |
| |
| |
| The Thin-Gel-Multisystem Controversy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Trial by Mathematics | |
| |
| |
| Inclusions versus Exclusions | |
| |
| |
| The Admissibility of Percentages and Probabilities | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Dawn of DNA Typing | |
| |
| |
| Genes, Chromosomes, DNA, and Sex | |
| |
| |
| From Protein Polymorphisms to Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms | |
| |
| |
| Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms | |
| |
| |
| Multilocus Variable Number Tandem Repeat Probes | |
| |
| |
| The Probability of Individuality | |
| |
| |
| Forensic Applications | |
| |
| |
| DNA Evidence circa 1986 | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Emergence of VNTR Profiling | |
| |
| |
| Into the Courtroom | |
| |
| |
| The Double Murder and the Handyman | |
| |
| |
| The Pretrial Hearing | |
| |
| |
| The Aftermath | |
| |
| |
| Castro's Progeny | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Intensifying Debate over Probability and Population Genetics | |
| |
| |
| The Aversion to Numbers | |
| |
| |
| The Validity of the Numbers | |
| |
| |
| The Match Window | |
| |
| |
| Allele Frequencies | |
| |
| |
| The Basic Product Rule for Combining Allele Frequencies | |
| |
| |
| Threats to Independence | |
| |
| |
| The Lewontin-Hartl Article | |
| |
| |
| The National Research Council Speaks | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Initial Reaction to the 1992 NRC Report | |
| |
| |
| The Initial Reception of the NRC Report in the Courts | |
| |
| |
| Hitting the Ceiling | |
| |
| |
| Evaluating the Population-Genetics Debate | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ending the Debate over Population Genetics | |
| |
| |
| Lobbying the Academy | |
| |
| |
| The NRC Speaks Again | |
| |
| |
| Simpson Meets His Match | |
| |
| |
| Boodles and Louder | |
| |
| |
| The Second NRC Report in the Courts | |
| |
| |
| |
| Moving Back to Errors and Relatives | |
| |
| |
| Proficiency Testing and Error Rates | |
| |
| |
| The Evil Twin and Other Relatives | |
| |
| |
| |
| Moving on to Short Tandem Repeat Loci | |
| |
| |
| The Polymerase Chain Reaction | |
| |
| |
| Early PCR-Based Discrete-Allele Systems | |
| |
| |
| More PCR-Based Systems: Short Tandem Repeats and Alphabet Soup | |
| |
| |
| |
| Transcending Race and Unscrambling Mixed Stains | |
| |
| |
| Deracializing DNA Statistics | |
| |
| |
| Unscrambling Mixtures | |
| |
| |
| |
| Outside the Nucleus: Mitochondrial DNA | |
| |
| |
| The Ordeal of Clara and Emmanuel Rojas | |
| |
| |
| The Ghost of Corleone | |
| |
| |
| The Last Tsar | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stray Hairs | |
| |
| |
| Ware's Hair | |
| |
| |
| Saving Simpson's Scalp | |
| |
| |
| A Connecticut Yankee in Court | |
| |
| |
| An Experiment in Delaware | |
| |
| |
| |
| Learning from DNA | |
| |
| |
| Payment | |
| |
| |
| Selection and Cultivation | |
| |
| |
| Exposure | |
| |
| |
| Neutral Expertise | |
| |
| |
| Other Reforms | |
| |
| |
| Appendix: Timeline of Selected Developments in or Affecting Forensic Genetics | |
| |
| |
| Notes | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Cases and Statutes | |
| |
| |
| Index | |