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| Preface | |
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| The principles and limitations of geophysical exploration methods | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The survey methods | |
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| The problem of ambiguity in geophysical interpretation | |
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| The structure of the book | |
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| Geophysical data processing | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Digitization of geophysical data | |
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| Spectral analysis | |
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| Waveform processing | |
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| Convolution | |
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| Deconvolution | |
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| Correlation | |
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| Digital filtering | |
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| Frequency filters | |
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| Inverse (deconvolution) filters | |
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| Imaging and modelling | |
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| Problems | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Elements of seismic surveying | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Stress and strain | |
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| Seismic waves | |
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| Body waves | |
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| Surface waves | |
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| Waves and rays | |
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| Seismic wave velocities of rocks | |
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| Attenuation of seismic energy along ray paths | |
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| Ray paths in layered media | |
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| Reflection and transmission of normally incident seismic rays | |
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| Reflection and refraction of obliquely incident rays | |
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| Critical refraction | |
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| Diffraction | |
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| Reflection and refraction surveying | |
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| Seismic data acquisition systems | |
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| Seismic sources and the seismic/acoustic spectrum | |
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| Seismic transducers | |
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| Seismic recording systems | |
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| Problems | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Seismic reflection surveying | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Geometry of reflected ray paths | |
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| Single horizontal reflector | |
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| Sequence of horizontal reflectors | |
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| Dipping reflector | |
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| Ray paths of multiple reflections | |
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| The reflection seismogram | |
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| The seismic trace | |
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| The shot gather | |
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| The CMP gather | |
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| Multichannel reflection survey design | |
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| Vertical and horizontal resolution | |
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| Design of detector arrays | |
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| Common mid-point (CMP) surveying | |
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| Display of seismic reflection data | |
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| Time corrections applied to seismic traces | |
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| Static correction | |
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| Velocity analysis | |
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| Filtering of seismic data | |
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| Frequency filtering | |
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| Inverse filtering (deconvolution) | |
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| Velocity filtering | |
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| Migration of reflection data | |
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| 3D seismic reflection surveys | |
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| Three component (3C) seismic reflection surveys | |
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| 4D seismic reflection surveys | |
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| Vertical seismic profiling | |
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| Interpretation of seismic reflection data | |
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| Structural analysis | |
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| Stratigraphical analysis (seismic stratigraphy) | |
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| Seismic modelling | |
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| Seismic attribute analysis | |
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| Single-channel marine reflection profiling | |
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| Shallow marine seismic sources | |
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| Sidescan sonar systems | |
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| Applications of seismic reflection surveying | |
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| Problems | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Seismic refraction surveying | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Geometry of refracted ray paths: planar interfaces | |
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| Two-layer case with horizontal interface | |
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| Three-layer case with horizontal interface | |
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| Multilayer case with horizontal interfaces | |
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| Dipping-layer case with planar interfaces | |
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| Faulted planar interfaces | |
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| Profile geometries for studying planar layer problems | |
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| Geometry of refracted ray paths: irregular (non-planar) interfaces | |
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| Delay time | |
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| The plus-minus interpretation method | |
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| The generalized reciprocal method | |
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| Construction of wavefronts and ray-tracing | |
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| The hidden and blind layer problems | |
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| Refraction in layers of continuous velocity change | |
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| Methodology of refraction profiling | |
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| Field survey arrangements | |
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| Recording scheme | |
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| Weathering and elevation corrections | |
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| Display of refraction seismograms | |
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| Other methods of refraction surveying | |
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| Seismic tomography | |
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| Applications of seismic refraction surveying | |
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| Engineering and environmental surveys | |
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| Hydrological surveys | |
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| Crustal seismology | |
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| Two-ship seismic surveying: combined refraction and reflection surveying | |
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| Problems | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Gravity surveying | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Basic theory | |
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| Units of gravity | |
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| Measurement of gravity | |
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| Gravity anomalies | |
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| Gravity anomalies of simple-shaped bodies | |
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| Gravity surveying | |
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| Gravity reduction | |
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| Drift correction | |
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| Latitude correction | |
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| Elevation corrections | |
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| Tidal correction | |
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| Eotvos correction | |
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| Free-air and Bouguer anomalies | |
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| Rock densities | |
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| Interpretation of gravity anomalies | |
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| The inverse problem | |
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| Regional fields and residual anomalies | |
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| Direct interpretation | |
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| Indirect interpretation | |
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| Elementary potential theory and potential field manipulation | |
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| Applications of gravity surveying | |
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| Problems | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Magnetic surveying | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Basic concepts | |
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| Rock magnetism | |
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| The geomagnetic field | |
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| Magnetic anomalies | |
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| Magnetic surveying instruments | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Fluxgate magnetometer | |
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| Proton magnetometer | |
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| Optically pumped magnetometer | |
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| Magnetic gradiometers | |
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| Ground magnetic surveys | |
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| Aeromagnetic and marine surveys | |
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| Reduction of magnetic observations | |
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| Diurnal variation correction | |
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| Geomagnetic correction | |
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| Elevation and terrain corrections | |
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| Interpretation of magnetic anomalies | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Direct interpretation | |
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| Indirect interpretation | |
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| Potential field transformations | |
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| Applications of magnetic surveying | |
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| Problems | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Electrical surveying | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Resistivity method | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Resistivities of rocks and minerals | |
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| Current flow in the ground | |
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| Electrode spreads | |
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| Resistivity surveying equipment | |
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| Interpretation of resistivity data | |
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| Vertical electrical sounding interpretation | |
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| Constant separation traversing interpretation | |
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| Limitations of the resistivity method | |
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| Applications of resistivity surveying | |
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| Induced polarization (IP) method | |
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| Principles | |
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| Mechanisms of induced polarization | |
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| Induced polarization measurements | |
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| Field operations | |
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| Interpretation of induced polarization data | |
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| Applications of induced polarization surveying | |
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| Self-potential (SP) method | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Mechanism of self-potential | |
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| Self-potential equipment and survey procedure | |
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| Interpretation of self-potential anomalies | |
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| Problems | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Electromagnetic surveying | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Depth of penetration of electromagnetic fields | |
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| Detection of electromagnetic fields | |
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| Tilt-angle methods | |
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| Tilt-angle methods employing local transmitters | |
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| The VLF method | |
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| The AFMAG method | |
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| Phase measuring systems | |
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| Time-domain electromagnetic surveying | |
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| Non-contacting conductivity measurement | |
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| Airborne electromagnetic surveying | |
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| Fixed separation systems | |
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| Quadrature systems | |
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| Interpretation of electromagnetic data | |
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| Limitations of the electromagnetic method | |
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| Telluric and magnetotelluric field methods | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Surveying with telluric currents | |
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| Magnetotelluric surveying | |
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| Ground-penetrating radar | |
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| Applications of electromagnetic surveying | |
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| Problems | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Radiometric surveying | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Radioactive decay | |
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| Radioactive minerals | |
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| Instruments for measuring radioactivity | |
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| Geiger counter | |
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| Scintillation counter | |
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| Gamma-ray spectrometer | |
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| Radon emanometer | |
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| Field surveys | |
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| Example of radiometric surveying | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Geophysical borehole logging | |
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| Introduction to drilling | |
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| Principles of well logging | |
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| Formation evaluation | |
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| Resistivity logging | |
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| Normal log | |
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| Lateral log | |
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| Laterolog | |
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| Microlog | |
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| Porosity estimation | |
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| Water and hydrocarbon saturation estimation | |
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| Permeability estimation | |
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| Resistivity dipmeter log | |
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| Induction logging | |
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| Self-potential logging | |
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| Radiometric logging | |
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| Natural gamma radiation log | |
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| Gamma-ray density log | |
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| Neutron-gamma-ray log | |
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| Sonic logging | |
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| Temperature logging | |
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| Magnetic logging | |
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| Magnetic log | |
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| Nuclear magnetic resonance log | |
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| Gravity logging | |
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| Problems | |
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| Further reading | |
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| SI, c.g.s. and Imperial (customary USA) units and conversion factors | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |