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| List of Contributors | |
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| Preface | |
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| Apical Periodontitis: Microbial Infection and Host Responses | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Terminology | |
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| Oral and dental infection | |
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| Biological and clinical significance | |
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| Concluding remarks | |
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| References | |
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| Pulp-Dentin and Periodontal Anatomy and Physiology | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The pulp-dentin organ | |
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| The pulp tissue | |
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| The dentin | |
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| Pulpal blood flow and tissue pressure | |
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| Inflammatory reactions | |
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| The periodontium | |
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| The periodontal ligament (PDL) | |
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| Cementum | |
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| Alveolar bone | |
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| References | |
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| Etiology and Pathogenesis of Pulpitis and Apical Periodontitis | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Etiology of periapical inflammation | |
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| Histopathology | |
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| Immunopharmacology of periapical inflammation | |
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| Modulation of periapical inflammation | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| Pathology of Apical Periodontitis | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Classification and terminology | |
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| Disease of infection | |
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| Histopathology | |
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| Special manifestations | |
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| References | |
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| Microbiology of Apical Periodontitis | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Microbiology of the dentin and pulp under caries | |
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| Biology of microbes in the root canal system | |
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| Morphological localization of bacteria | |
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| General description of the microbial flora | |
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| Microbiology of acute apical periodontitis | |
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| Microbiology of chronic apical periodontitis | |
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| Clinical bacteriological techniques | |
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| Antibiotic usage | |
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| References | |
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| Radiology of Apical Periodontitis | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Radiology of the normal apical periodontium | |
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| Established apical periodontitis | |
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| Incipient apical periodontitis | |
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| Root filled teeth with apical periodontitis | |
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| Differential diagnosis | |
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| Radiology in clinical experiments and epidemiology | |
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| References | |
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| Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Pulpal diagnoses | |
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| Symptomatology | |
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| Diagnostic tests | |
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| Clinical findings | |
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| Formulation of a pulpal diagnosis | |
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| Periapical diagnoses | |
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| Symptomatology and diagnosis | |
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| References | |
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| Epidemiology of Apical Periodontitis | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Epidemiology - general aspects | |
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| Epidemiology in endodontic research | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| Treatment of the Exposed Dentin-Pulp Complex | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Treatment of the non-exposed pulp | |
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| Treatment of the exposed pulp | |
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| Prognosis | |
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| References | |
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| Endodontic Treatment of Teeth without Apical Periodontitis | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Treatment principles | |
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| The vital pulp - pulpectomy | |
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| The necrotic pulp - root canal treatment | |
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| Asepsis | |
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| Tissue removal | |
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| Antisepsis | |
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| Root canal filling | |
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| Tissue responses | |
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| References | |
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| Endodontic Treatment of Apical Periodontitis | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Asepsis | |
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| Debridement | |
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| Chemical disinfection | |
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| Root filling | |
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| Retreatment | |
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| Treatment of exacerbations | |
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| Persistent infections | |
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| References | |
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| Surgical Treatment of Apical Periodontitis | |
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| Introduction including history | |
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| Procedures | |
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| Indications | |
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| Contraindications | |
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| Anesthesia | |
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| Surgical anatomy | |
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| Curettage | |
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| Apicectomy | |
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| Perforation repair | |
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| Replantation | |
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| Root amputation, hemisection | |
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| Guided tissue regeneration | |
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| Surgical retreatment | |
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| Modes of healing | |
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| Prognosis of treated teeth | |
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| References | |
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| Endodontic Treatment of Primary Teeth | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Pulp--dentin complex | |
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| Pulp disease | |
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| Endodontic therapy of primary teeth | |
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| Conservative pulp treatment in primary teeth | |
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| Radical endodontic treatment | |
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| References | |
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| Restoration of the Root Filled Tooth | |
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| Introduction | |
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| General factors affecting restoration of root filled teeth | |
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| Restoring root filled anterior teeth | |
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| Retention of posts | |
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| Restoration of the root filled posterior tooth | |
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| Restoration of root filled teeth for overdenture abutments | |
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| Clinical performance of restored root filled teeth | |
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| Restoration of primary teeth | |
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| References | |
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| Treatment Outcome and Prognosis of Endodontic Therapy | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Follow-up studies of root canal treatment | |
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| Cross-sectional studies | |
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| Prevention of apical periodontitis | |
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| Therapy of apical periodontitis | |
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| Prognostic factors in root canal treatment | |
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| Prognostic factors in apical surgery | |
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| Case selection | |
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| Concluding remarks | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |