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| Acknowledgements | |
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| Introduction. Responding to Evils | |
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| How to Use this Book | |
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| Beginnings | |
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| Plato, Timaeus | |
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| Lucretius , On the Nature of the Universe | |
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| Ovid, Phaethon | |
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| Seneca, �On Providence� | |
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| Epictetus, Encheiridion | |
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| Irenaeus of Lyons, Against Heretics | |
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| Sextus Empiricus, �God� | |
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| Plotinus, �Providence: First Treatise� | |
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| Lactantius, The Wrath of God | |
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| Augustine, City of God | |
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| Pseudo-Dionysius, On the Divine Names and Mystical Theology | |
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| Boethius, The Consolation of Philosophy | |
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| Before Theodicy | |
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| Anselm of Canterbury, On the Fall of the Devil | |
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| Hildegard of Bingen, To the Congregation of Nuns | |
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| Moses Maimonides, Guide of the Perplexed | |
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| Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica | |
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| Three liturgies: Stabat mater, a fifteenth-century Sarum, and Dies irae | |
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| Meister Eckhart, �Blessed are the poor in spirit� | |
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| Geoffrey Chaucer, �Patient Griselda� | |
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| Julian of Norwich, Showings | |
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| Thomas � Kempis, The Imitation of Christ | |
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| Martin Luther, Prefaces to Job, Ecclesiastes, and the Psalter | |
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| John Calvin, The Institutes of the Christian Religion: John Calvin | |
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| John Donne, Batter my hear, three-personed God | |
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| The Rise of Theodicy | |
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| Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan | |
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| John Milton, Paradise Lost | |
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| Baruch Spinoza, Ethics | |
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| Ralph Cudworth, The True Intellectual System of the Universe | |
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| Anne Conway, Principles of the Most Ancient and Modern Philosophy | |
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| Nicolas Malebranche, Dialogues on Metaphysics and on Religion | |
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| Pierre Bayle, �Manichees�;Note D | |
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| G. W. Leibnitz, Theodicy | |
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| Alexander Pope, An Essay on Man | |
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| Voltaire, �The Lisbon Earthquake: An Inquiry into the Maxim, �Whatever us, is right� | |
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| Jean-Jacques Rousseau, �Letter from J.-J. Rosseau to Mr. de Voltaire, August 18, 1756� | |
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| David Hume, Dialogues concerning Natural Religion | |
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| Immanuel Kant, On the Miscarriage of all Philosophical Trials in Theodicy | |
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| Beyond Optimism | |
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| Thomas Robert Malhus, An Essay on the Principle of Population | |
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| F. W. Schelling, �Philosophical Investigations into the Essence of Human Freedomand Related Matters� | |
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| John Keats, To George & Georgiana Keats, 14 February-8 May 1819 | |
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| Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, The Philosophical History of the World | |
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| Ralph Waldo Emerson, �The Tragic� | |
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| The World as Will and Representation: Arthur Schopenhauer | |
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| Charles Darwin, to Asa Gray, 22 May 1860 | |
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| John Stuart Mill, An Examination of Sir William Hamilton's Philosophy | |
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| Fyodor Dostoyevsky, The Brothers Karamazov | |
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| Freidrich Neitsche, On the Genealogy of Morality | |
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| Gerald Manley Hopkins, �Thou Art Indeed Just, Lord� | |
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| Josiah Royce, �The Problem of Job� | |
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| The 20th Century | |
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| William James, The Varieties of Religious Experience | |
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| W. E. B. DuBois, A Litany at Atlanta | |
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| Thomas Hardy, Before Life and After | |
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| Hermann Cohen, The Religion of Reason out of the Sources of Judaism | |
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| Sigmund Freud, The Future of an Illusion | |
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| Martin Heidegger, An Introduction to Metaphysics | |
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| W. H. Auden, Mus�e des Beaux Arts | |
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| C. S. Lewis, Animal Pain | |
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| Simone Weil, The Love of God and Affliction" | |
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| C. G. Jung, Aion The Serenity Prayer | |
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| Karl Barth, God and Nothingness | |
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| John Hick, The 'Vale of Soul-Making' Theodicy | |
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| William Jones, Is God a White Racist? | |
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| Dorothee Soelle, A Critique of Christian Masochism | |
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| Emmanuel Levinas, Useless suffering | |
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| Nel Noddings, Women and Evil | |
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| Index | |
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| Scripture Index | |