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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Multiple Voices: The Word from China | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Bilinguals and their languages | |
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| Views about bilinguals | |
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| Learning a second language | |
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| Where did bilingualism come from? | |
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| Linguists: what they know and don't know | |
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| Why so many languages? | |
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| The rationale for many languages today | |
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| Attitudes about language | |
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| Linguistics and bilingualism | |
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| Why bilingualism matters to you | |
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| Bilingualism: Practical considerations | |
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| How the book is organized | |
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| Words and phrases to remember | |
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| What's a Language? | |
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| What's a Dialect? | |
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| What "Social Work" do they do? | |
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| Multiple voices: the word from italy | |
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| Introduction | |
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| What counts as a language? | |
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| Problems with mutual intelligibility | |
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| Dialects as groupings under a language | |
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| The written language and dialects | |
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| Identifying the standard dialect | |
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| Who speaks a dialect? | |
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| Summing up | |
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| Words and phrases to remember | |
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| Who is a Bilingual? | |
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| What Factors Promote Bilingualism? | |
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| Multiple voices: the word from ecuador | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Who is a bilingual? | |
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| Defining bilingualism | |
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| Factors promoting bilingualism | |
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| Conditions of displacement | |
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| Summing up | |
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| Words and phrases to remember | |
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| Language Maintenance and Shift | |
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| Multiple voices: the word from algerians in france | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Three useful models of community organization | |
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| Allocation of varieties | |
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| Diglossia and domains | |
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| Maintenance or shift? | |
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| Representative case studies | |
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| The younger generation and bilingualism | |
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| Separating language maintenance from cultural maintenance | |
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| Summing up | |
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| Words and phrases to remember | |
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| Ideologies and Attitudes | |
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| Multiple voices: the word from papua new guinea | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Language attitudes vs. cultural ideologies | |
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| Power and the economy of language | |
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| How languages identify groups | |
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| Language attitudes | |
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| Theoretical models and the expression of attitudes | |
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| Language ideology | |
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| Summing up | |
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| Words and phrases to remember | |
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| The Social Motivations for Language | |
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| Use in Interpersonal Interactions | |
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| Multiple voices: the word from turks in the netherlands | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Linguistic varieties as social indices | |
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| More than meets the ear | |
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| Language varieties absorb meanings from situations | |
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| Speakers have their own motivations for choices, too | |
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| Models to explain conversational choices | |
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| What accommodation means | |
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| Markedness Model: another model of social motivations | |
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| Code choices within a Conversation Analysis approach | |
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| Summary on explaining bilingual choices | |
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| Summing up | |
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| Words and phrases to remember | |
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| Inter-Cultural Communication | |
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| Multiple voices: the word from indians in england | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Languages are different and so are cultures | |
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| Dividing up societies as individualistic or collectivistic | |
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| High- and low-context messages | |
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| Five areas of potential differences | |
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| Is silence golden? | |
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| Ideas about "good" conversational routines differ | |
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| The faces of politeness | |
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| How to ask for something in different cultures | |
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| Cross-cultural ideas about power differentials | |
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| Managing cross-cultural conflicts | |
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| Summing up | |
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| Words and phrases to remember | |
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| Lexical Borrowing | |
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| Multiple voices: the word from kenya | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Lexical borrowing | |
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| Cultural and core borrowings | |
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| Core borrowings | |
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| Less direct borrowings | |
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| How borrowed words are integrated | |
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| Morphological integration | |
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| Nouns versus other categories | |
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| What borrowings can tell us | |
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| Summing up | |
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| Words and phrases to remember | |
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| What Happens to Grammars in Bilingual Contacts | |
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| Multiple voices: the word | |