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Preface | |
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Acknowledgments | |
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Introduction | |
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Multiple Voices: The Word from China | |
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Introduction | |
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Bilinguals and their languages | |
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Views about bilinguals | |
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Learning a second language | |
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Where did bilingualism come from? | |
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Linguists: what they know and don't know | |
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Why so many languages? | |
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The rationale for many languages today | |
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Attitudes about language | |
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Linguistics and bilingualism | |
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Why bilingualism matters to you | |
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Bilingualism: Practical considerations | |
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How the book is organized | |
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Words and phrases to remember | |
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What's a Language? | |
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What's a Dialect? | |
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What "Social Work" do they do? | |
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Multiple voices: the word from italy | |
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Introduction | |
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What counts as a language? | |
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Problems with mutual intelligibility | |
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Dialects as groupings under a language | |
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The written language and dialects | |
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Identifying the standard dialect | |
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Who speaks a dialect? | |
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Summing up | |
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Words and phrases to remember | |
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Who is a Bilingual? | |
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What Factors Promote Bilingualism? | |
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Multiple voices: the word from ecuador | |
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Introduction | |
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Who is a bilingual? | |
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Defining bilingualism | |
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Factors promoting bilingualism | |
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Conditions of displacement | |
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Summing up | |
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Words and phrases to remember | |
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Language Maintenance and Shift | |
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Multiple voices: the word from algerians in france | |
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Introduction | |
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Three useful models of community organization | |
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Allocation of varieties | |
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Diglossia and domains | |
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Maintenance or shift? | |
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Representative case studies | |
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The younger generation and bilingualism | |
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Separating language maintenance from cultural maintenance | |
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Summing up | |
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Words and phrases to remember | |
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Ideologies and Attitudes | |
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Multiple voices: the word from papua new guinea | |
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Introduction | |
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Language attitudes vs. cultural ideologies | |
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Power and the economy of language | |
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How languages identify groups | |
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Language attitudes | |
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Theoretical models and the expression of attitudes | |
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Language ideology | |
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Summing up | |
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Words and phrases to remember | |
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The Social Motivations for Language | |
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Use in Interpersonal Interactions | |
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Multiple voices: the word from turks in the netherlands | |
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Introduction | |
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Linguistic varieties as social indices | |
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More than meets the ear | |
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Language varieties absorb meanings from situations | |
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Speakers have their own motivations for choices, too | |
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Models to explain conversational choices | |
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What accommodation means | |
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Markedness Model: another model of social motivations | |
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Code choices within a Conversation Analysis approach | |
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Summary on explaining bilingual choices | |
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Summing up | |
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Words and phrases to remember | |
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Inter-Cultural Communication | |
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Multiple voices: the word from indians in england | |
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Introduction | |
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Languages are different and so are cultures | |
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Dividing up societies as individualistic or collectivistic | |
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High- and low-context messages | |
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Five areas of potential differences | |
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Is silence golden? | |
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Ideas about "good" conversational routines differ | |
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The faces of politeness | |
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How to ask for something in different cultures | |
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Cross-cultural ideas about power differentials | |
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Managing cross-cultural conflicts | |
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Summing up | |
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Words and phrases to remember | |
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Lexical Borrowing | |
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Multiple voices: the word from kenya | |
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Introduction | |
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Lexical borrowing | |
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Cultural and core borrowings | |
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Core borrowings | |
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Less direct borrowings | |
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How borrowed words are integrated | |
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Morphological integration | |
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Nouns versus other categories | |
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What borrowings can tell us | |
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Summing up | |
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Words and phrases to remember | |
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What Happens to Grammars in Bilingual Contacts | |
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Multiple voices: the word | |