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| Maps | |
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| Preface | |
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| Introduction: The Geographic Background of Latin American History | |
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| The Colonial Heritage of Latin America | |
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| Ancient America | |
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| Environment and Culture in Ancient America | |
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| Populations in 1492 | |
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| Nuclear America | |
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| Early American Civilizations | |
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| The Maya of Central America | |
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| Maya Economy and Society | |
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| Maya Religion and Learning | |
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| Maya Decline and Transformation of Mesoamerica | |
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| The Aztecs of Mexico | |
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| Aztec Imperial Expansion | |
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| Aztec Culture and Society | |
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| The Inca of Peru | |
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| Origins of Inca Culture | |
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| Inca Economy and Society | |
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| Inca Religion and Learning | |
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| The Hispanic Background | |
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| The Medieval Heritage of Iberia's Christian Kingdoms | |
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| Castile | |
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| Arag�n | |
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| Ferdinand and Isabella: The Catholic Sovereigns | |
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| Restoration of Order | |
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| Religious and Economic Reforms | |
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| Foreign Policy | |
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| Reappraisal of Ferdinand and Isabella's Policies | |
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| The Hapsburg Era: Triumph and Tragedy | |
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| The Reign of Charles | |
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| The Reign of Philip II and the Remaining Hapsburgs | |
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| The Waning Economy and Society | |
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| Literary and Artistic Developments | |
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| The Conquest of America | |
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| The Great Voyages | |
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| Exploration Under Prince Henry | |
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| The Sea Route to the East | |
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| The Advance into the Atlantic | |
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| The Voyages of Columbus | |
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| The Discovery of America in Historical Perspective | |
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| Balboa and Magellan | |
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| The Conquest of Mexico | |
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| Early Contact with Moctezuma | |
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| Cort�s-Quetzalc�atl | |
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| The March to Tenochtitl�n | |
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| The Aftermath of Conquest | |
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| The Conquest of Peru | |
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| Pizarro and Atahualpa | |
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| Post-Conquest Troubles | |
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| How a Handful of Spaniards Won Two Empires | |
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| The Quest for El Dorado | |
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| Failures in North America | |
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| Frustrations in South America | |
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| The Conquistadors | |
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| Lope de Aguirre-An Underdog of the Conquest | |
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| The Economic Foundations of Colonial Life | |
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| Tribute and Labor in the Spanish Colonies | |
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| The Encomienda and Slavery | |
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| The New Laws of the Indies and the Encomienda | |
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| The Repartimiento, Yanaconaje, and Free Labor | |
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| Black Slavery | |
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| The Colonial Economy | |
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| Cort�s as a Businessman | |
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| The Growth of the Haciendas | |
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| Spanish Agriculture in the New World | |
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| Colonial Mining and Industry | |
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| Commerce, Smuggling, and Piracy | |
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| The Colonial Commercial System | |
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| Sir Francis Drake, Piracy, and Foreign Plunder | |
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| The Framework of the Colonial Economy | |
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| State, Church, and Society | |
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| Political Institutions of the Spanish Empire | |
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| Formation of Colonial Administration | |
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| The Royal Agents | |
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| Provincial Administration | |
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| Ineffectiveness of Much Spanish Colonial Law | |
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| The Church in the Indies | |
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| The Spiritual Conquest of America | |
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| The Moral Decline of the Clergy and the Missionary Impulse | |
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| The Inquisition in the New World | |
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| The Church and Education | |
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| Science, Literature, and the Arts | |
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| The Structure of Class and Caste | |
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| The Ruling Class | |
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| The Mestizo: An Ambiguous Status | |
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| Indigenous Peoples: A Separate Nation | |
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| Blacks, Mulattos, Zambos: The Lowest Class | |
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| Life in the City and on the Hacienda | |
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| Marriage, Sexuality, and the Status of Women | |
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| Colonial Brazil | |
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| The Beginning of Colonial Brazil | |
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| The Captaincy System | |
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| Portugal's Indigenous Policy | |
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| The French and Dutch Challenges | |
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| The Mineral Cycle, the Cattle Industry, and the Commercial System | |
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| Government and Church | |
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| The Administrators and Their Deficiencies | |
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| The Church and the State | |
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| Masters and Slaves | |
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| Color, Class, and Slavery | |
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| Large Estates and Colonial Towns | |
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| The Bourbon Reforms and Spanish America | |
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| Reform and Recovery | |
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| The Bourbon Reforms | |
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| Revival of Colonial Commerce and Breakdown of Trading Monopoly | |
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| Increased Economic Activity | |
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| Labor Systems in the Eighteenth Century | |
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| Early Labor Struggles | |
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| Political Reforms | |
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| Strengthening the Defenses | |
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| Colonial Culture and the Enlightenment | |
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| Creole Nationalism | |
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| Colonial Society in Transition, 1750-1810: An Overview | |
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| The Revolt of the Masses | |
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| The Revolt in Peru | |
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| The Insurrection in New Granada (1781) | |
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| The Independence of Latin America | |
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| Background of the Wars of Independence | |
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| Creoles and Peninsular Spaniards | |
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| The Causes of Revolution | |
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| The Liberation of South America | |
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| Sim�n Bol�var, the Liberator | |
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| The Southern Liberation Movement and San Mart�n | |
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| The Achievement of Brazilian Independence | |
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| Mexico's Road to Independence | |
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| Latin American Independence: A Reckoning | |
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| Latin America in the Nineteenth Century | |
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| Decolonization and the Search for National Identities, 1821-1870 | |
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| The Fruits of Independence | |
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| Economic Stagnation | |
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| Politics: The Conservative and Liberal Programs | |
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| Mexico | |
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| The Mexican Economy | |
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| Politics: Liberals versus Conservatives | |
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| La Reforma, Civil War, and the French Intervention | |
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| Postwar Transformation of Law Reforma | |
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| Argentina | |
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| The Liberation of Paraguay, Uruguay, and Upper Peru | |
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| The Struggle for Progress and National Unity | |
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| The Paraguayan War | |
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| Progress and Development Under Sarmiento | |
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| Chile | |
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| Portales and Economic Growth | |
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| Economic Expansion Under Bulnes | |
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| Montt's Moderate Reforms | |
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| Liberal Control | |
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| United Provinces of Central America | |
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| Independence and the Failure of Union, 1810-1865 | |
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| Race, Nation, and the Meaning of Freedom, 1821-1888 | |
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| Brazil | |
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| Dom Pedro, Emperor | |
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| Regency, Revolt, and a Boy Emperor | |
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| The Game of Politics and the Crisis of Slavery | |
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| The Antislavery Movement | |
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| Peru | |
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| Peruvian Politics and Economy | |
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| Pardo and the Civilianist Party | |
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| Cuba | |
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| Economic and Social Change: The Bitter Harvest of King Sugar | |
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| The Ten Years' War | |
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| Gran Colombia | |
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| P�ez, the Conservative-Liberal Split, and the Federal War in Venezuela, 1830-1863 | |
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| Santander and the Birth of a Two-Party System in Colombia, 1830-1850 | |
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| The Triumph of Neocolonialism and the Liberal State, 1870-1900 | |
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| The New Colonialism | |
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| Expansion of the Hacienda System | |
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| Foreign Control of Resources | |
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| The Politics of Acquisition | |
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| Mexican Politics and Economy | |
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| Dictatorship Under D&iaacute;az | |
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| Concentration of Landownership | |
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| The Economic Advance | |
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| Labor, Agrarian, and Middle-Class Unrest | |
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| Argentine Politics and Economy | |
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| Consolidation of the State | |
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| Economic Boom and Inflation | |
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| The Formation of the Radical Party | |
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| Electoral Reform and the Growth of the Labor Movement | |
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| Chilean Politics and Economy | |
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| Nitrates and War | |
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| Aftermath of the War of the Pacific | |
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| Balmaceda's Nationalistic Policies | |
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| The Parliamentary Republic, Foreign Economic Domination, and the Growth of the Working Class | |
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| Brazilian Politics and Economy | |
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| The Fall of the Monarchy | |
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| The New Republic | |
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| The Economic Revolution | |
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| Central American Politics and Economy | |
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| Guatemala, 1865-1898 | |
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| Nicaragua, 1870-1909 | |
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| El Salvador, 1876-1911 | |
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| Venezuelan Politics and Economy | |
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| Colombian Politics and Economy | |
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| Rafael N��ez, the ""Regeneration,"" and the War of a Thousand Days, 1880-1903 | |
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| Index | |
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| Maps | |
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| Geographic Features of Middle America | |
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| Geographic Features of South America | |
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| Principal Sites of Pre-Conquest Culture in Mesoamerica | |
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| Valley of Mexico | |
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| Growth of the Inca Empire, 1460-1532 | |
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| Spain in the Time of Christopher Columbus | |
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| Early Spanish Voyages in the Caribbean | |
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| Colonial Conquest, Trade, and Enslavement in the Making of Latin America | |
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| Viceroyalties and Audiencias in Sixteenth-Century Spanish America | |
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| Colonial Brazil | |
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| Viceroyalties in Latin America in 1780 | |
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| Latin America in 1830 | |
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| War and National Development in Paraguay and Bolivia, 1864-1938 | |
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| War of the Pacific | |