| A Memo to Writers | |
| Accuracy and Logic | |
| Reliable sources | |
| Accurate information | |
| Sweeping generalizations | |
| Exaggeration | |
| Circular reasoning | |
| False comparisons | |
| Sticking to the point | |
| Appeals to prejudice | |
| Cause and effect | |
| The either...or fallacy | |
| Writing and Revising | |
| Finding a worthy subject | |
| Developing your ideas and planning your paper | |
| Organizing systematically | |
| Adapting to your audience | |
| Using an appropriate tone | |
| Choosing appropriate tense and number | |
| Stating your thesis | |
| Writing an appropriate length paper | |
| Writing a first draft | |
| REvising your draft | |
| Model paper | |
| Composing and revising on a computer | |
| Writing Paragraphs | |
| Writing a topic sentence | |
| Unifying paragraphs | |
| Developing paragraphs | |
| Trimming, tightening, or dividing paragraphs | |
| Using appropriate development methods | |
| Using transitional devices Grammar | |
| Grammar The Parts of Speech | |
| Nouns | |
| Pronouns | |
| Verbs | |
| Adjectives | |
| Adverbs | |
| Conjunctions | |
| Prepositions | |
| Interjections | |
| The Parts of Sentences | |
| Simple subjects, complete subjects, compound subjects | |
| Simple predicates, complete predicates, compound predicates | |
| Complements | |
| Phrases | |
| Clauses | |
| Kinds of sentences Sentence Errors | |
| Sentence Fragments | |
| Comma Splices and Fused Sentences | |
| Verb Forms | |
| Tense and Sequence of Tenses | |
| Present tense | |
| Past tense | |
| Future tense | |
| Progressive tenses | |
| Perfect tenses | |
| Present infinitive | |
| Consistency | |
| Voice | |
| Subjunctive Mood | |
| Subject and Verb: Agreement | |
| Singular verb with a singular subject | |
| Plural verb with a plural subject | |
| Compound subject | |
| Compound subject with or, nor, etc | |
| Phrases and clauses between a subject and a verb | |
| Collective nouns | |
| Nouns plural in form, singular in meaning | |
| Indefinite pronouns | |
| All, some, part, etc | |
| There, here k. Agreement with subject, not predicate nominative | |
| After a relative pronoun | |
| With titles or words used as words | |
| Expressions of time, money, measurement, etc | |
| Pronouns and Antecedents: Agreement, Reference, and Usage | |
| Singular pronoun with a singular antecedent | |
| Plural pronoun with a plural antecedent | |
| Compound antecedent with and | |
| Compound antecedent with or, nor, etc | |
| Collective noun as antecedent | |
| Each, either, etc | |
| Vague and ambiguous antecedents | |
| Which, who, that | |
| Pronouns ending in -self, -selves | |
| Case | |
| Subjects and subjective complements | |
| Direct objects, indirect objects, objects of prepositions | |
| Subjects and objects of infinitives | |
| Appositives | |
| After than or as | |
| Who, Whom | |
| Apostrophe or of phrase for possession | |
| Words preceding a gerund | |
| Adjectives and Adverbs | |
| Adverbs modifying verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs | |
| After linking verbs be, become, seem, etc | |
| After a verb and its object | |
| Comparative and superlative degrees | |
| Avoiding double comparatives and superlatives | |
| Absolute concepts and absolute modifiers | |
| Avoiding double negatives Sentence Structure | |
| Choppy Sentences and Excessive Coordination | |
| Subordination | |
| Subordination of less important ideas | |
| Avoiding overlapping subordination | |
| Completeness | |
| Omission of verbs and prepositions | |
| Omission of that | |
| Comparisons | |
| Illogical comparisons | |
| Using the word other | |
| Awkward and incomplete comparisons | |
| Consistency | |
| Avoiding shifts in grammatical forms | |
| Avoiding faulty predication | |
| Avoid constructions is when, is where, or the reason is because | |
| Position of Modifiers | |
| Dangling | |
| Misplaced | |
| Limiting | |
| Squinting | |
| Separation of Elements | |
| Subject and verb, parts of a verb phrase, or verb and object | |
| A sentence containing a quotation | |
| Split infinitives | |
| Parallelism | |
| With coordinating conjunctions | |
| With correlative conjunctions | |
| With and who, and which, or and that | |
| Variety Punctuation | |
| Commas | |
| Between two independent clauses | |
| In a series | |
| Between coordinate adjectives | |
| After introductory phrases and clauses | |
| With nonessential elements | |
| With sentence modifiers, conjunctive adverbs, and elements out of order | |
| With degrees, titles, dates, places, addresses | |
| For contrast or emphasis | |
| With mild interjections and yes or no | |
| With direct address and salutations | |
| With expressions like he said, she remarked | |
| With absolute phrases m. To prevent misreading or to mark an omission | |
| Unnecessary Commas | |
| Between subject and verb, verb and object, adjective and word it modifies | |
| Before coordinating conjunctions | |
| Not with essential clauses, phrases, or appositives | |
| After coordinating conjunctions | |
| Before subordinating conjunctions | |
| After the opening phrase of an inverted sentence | |
| Before the first or after the last item in a series | |
| Before than | |
| After like or such as | |
| With period, question mark, dash, exclamation point | |
| Before parentheses | |
| Semicolons | |
| Between independent clauses not connected by a coordinating conjunction | |
| To separate independent clauses | |
| In a series between items that have internal punctuation | |
| Not between elements that are not grammatically equal | |
| Colons | |
| After formal introduction of a quotation | |
| After formal introduction of a series of items | |
| After a formal introduction of an appositive | |
| Between two independent clauses | |
| In salutations, times, bibliographical entries | |
| Not after linking verbs or prepositions | |
| Dashes | |
| Parentheses | |
| Brackets | |
| Quotation Marks | |
| Direct quotations and dialogue | |
| Quotation within a quotation | |
| Titles of short works | |
| Not with titles of your own papers | |
| Not for emphasis, slang, irony, humor | |
| Not with block quotations | |
| With other punctuation | |
| End Punctuation | |
| Period at end of a sentence | |
| Period after abbreviations | |
| Ellipsis points for omission | |
| Punctuation of titles | |
| Question mark after direct question | |
| No question mark within parentheses or exclamation point for humor | |
| Exclamation point Mechanics | |
| Manuscript Forms, Business Letters, and Reacute;sumeacute;s | |
| Manuscripts | |
| Business letters and applications | |
| Reacute;sumeacute;s | |
| Italics | |
| Titles | |
| Names of ships and trains | |
| Foreign words | |
| Words, letters, figures | |
| Rarely use for emphasis | |
| Not for titles of your own papers | |
| Spelling | |
| Spell-checking | |
| Proofreading | |
| Distinguishing homonyms | |
| Spelling strategies | |
| Hyphenation and Syllabication | |
| Compound words | |
| Compound adjectives | |
| Compound numbers | |
| Dividing a word at the end of line | |
| Apostrophes | |
| For possessive nouns not ending in s | |
| For possessive of singular nouns ending in s | |
| Without s for possessive of plural nouns ending in s | |
| For possessive of indefinite pronouns | |
| For joint possession | |
| For omissions and contractions | |
| For a | |
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