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Note: Each chapter concludes with "The Bottom Line," Key Words, and "Focus Your Learning." | |
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The World of Chemistry | |
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What Do Chemists do? | |
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The Chemist's Shorthand | |
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The Scientific Method | |
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Units and Measurement | |
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Conversions and Dimensional Analysis | |
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Uncertainty, Precision, Accuracy, and Significant Figures | |
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The Chemical Challenges of the Future | |
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Atoms: A Quest for Understanding | |
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Early Attempts to Explain Matter | |
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Dalton's Atomic Theory and Beyond | |
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The Structure of the Atom | |
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Atoms and Isotopes | |
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Atomic Mass | |
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The Periodic Table | |
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Ionic Compounds | |
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Molecules | |
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Naming Compounds | |
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Naming Acids | |
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Introducing Quantitative Chemistry | |
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Formula Masses | |
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Counting by Weighing | |
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Working with Moles | |
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Percentages by Mass | |
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Finding the Formula | |
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Chemical Equations | |
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Working with Equations | |
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Solution Stoichiometry and Types of Reactions | |
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Water--A Most Versatile Solvent | |
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The Concentration of Solutions | |
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Stoichiometric Analysis of Solutions | |
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Types of Chemical Reactions | |
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Precipitation Reactions | |
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Acid-Base Reactions | |
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Oxidation-Reduction Reactions | |
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Fresh Water--Issues of Quantitative Chemistry | |
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Energy | |
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The Concept of Energy | |
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Keeping Track of Energy | |
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Specific Heat Capacity and Heat Capacity | |
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Enthalpy | |
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Hess's Law | |
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Energy Choices | |
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Quantum Chemistry: The Strange World of Atoms | |
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Introducing Quantum Chemistry | |
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Electromagnetic Radiation | |
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Atomic Emission and Absorption Spectroscopy, Chemical Analysis and the Quantum Number | |
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The Bohr Model of Atomic Structure | |
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Wave-Particle Duality | |
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Why Treating Things as "Waves" Allows Us to Quantize Their Behavior | |
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The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle | |
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More About the Photon--The de Broglie and Heisenberg Discussions | |
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The Mathematical Language of Quantum Chemistry | |
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Atomic Orbitals | |
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Electron Spin and the Pauli Exclusion Principle | |
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Orbitals and Energy Levels in Multielectron Atoms | |
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Electron Configurations and the Aufbau Principle | |
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Periodic Properties of the Elements | |
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The Big Picture--Building the Periodic Table | |
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The First Level of Structure--Metals, Non-Metals and Metalloids | |
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The Next Level of Structure--Groups in the Periodic Table | |
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The Concept of Periodicity | |
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Atomic Size | |
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Ionization Energies | |
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Electron Affinity | |
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Electronegativity | |
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Reactivity | |
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The Elements and the Environment | |
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Bonding Basics | |
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Modeling Bonds | |
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Ionic Bonding | |
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Covalent Bonding | |
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VSEPR Theory--A Better Model | |
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Properties of Ionic and Molecular Compounds | |
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Advanced Models of Bonding | |
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Valence Bond Theory | |
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Hybridization | |
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Molecular Orbital Theory | |
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Putting It All Together | |
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Molecular Models in the Chemist's Toolbox | |
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The Behavior and Applications of Gases | |
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The Nature of Gases | |
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Production of Hydrogen and the Meaning of Pressure | |
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Mixtures of Gases--Dalton's Law and Food Packaging | |
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The Gas Laws--Relating the Behavior of Gases to Key Properties | |
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The Ideal Gas Equation | |
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Applications of the Ideal Gas Equation | |
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Kinetic Molecular Theory | |
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Effusion and Diffusion | |
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Industrialization: A Wonderful, Yet Cautionary, Tale | |
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Chemistry of Water and the Nature of Liquids | |
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The Structure of Water: An Introduction to Intermolecular Forces | |
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A Closer Look at Intermolecular Forces | |
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Impact of Intermolecular Forces on the Physical Properties of Water I | |
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Phase Diagrams | |
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Impact of Intermolecular Forces on the Physical Properties of Water II | |
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Water: The Universal Solvent | |
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Measures of Solution Concentration | |
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The Effect of Temperature and Pressure on Solubility | |
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Colligative Properties | |
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Carbon | |
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Elemental Carbon | |
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Crude Oil--The Basic Resource | |
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Hydrocarbons | |
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Separating the Hydrocarbons by Fractional Distillation | |
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Processing Hydrocarbons | |
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Typical Reactions of the Alkanes | |
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The Functional Group Concept | |
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Ethene, the C=C Bond, and Polymers | |
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Alcohols | |
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From Alcohols to Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids | |
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From Alcohols and Carboxylic Acids to Esters | |
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Condensation Polymers | |
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Polyethers | |
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Handedness in Molecules | |
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Organic Chemistry and Modern Drug Discovery | |
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Modern Materials | |
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The Structure of Crystals | |
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Metals | |
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Ceramics | |
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Plastics | |
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Thin Films and Surface Analysis | |
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On the Horizon--What Does the Future Hold? | |
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Thermodynamics: A Look at Why Reactions Happen | |
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Probability as a Predictor of Chemical Behavior | |
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Why Do Chemical Reactions Happen? Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics | |
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Temperature and Spontaneous Processes | |
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Calculating Entropy Changes in Chemical Reactions | |
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Free Energy | |
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When ?G = 0; A Taste of Equilibrium | |
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Chemical Kinetics | |
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Reaction Rates | |
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An Introduction to Rate Laws | |
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Changes in Time--The Integrated Rate Law | |
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Methods of Determining Rate Laws | |
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Looking Back at Rate Laws | |
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Reaction Mechanisms | |
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Applications of Catalysts | |
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Chemical Equilibrium | |
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The Concept of Chemical Equilibrium | |
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Why Is Chemical Equilibrium a Useful Concept? | |
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The Meaning of the Equilibrium Constant | |
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Working With Equilibrium Constants | |
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Solving Equilibrium Problems--A Different Way of Thinking | |
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Le Ch?telier's Principle | |
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Free Energy and the Equilibrium Constant | |
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Acids and Bases | |
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What Are Acids and Bases? | |
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Acid Strength | |
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The pH Scale | |
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Determining the pH of Acid Solutions | |
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Determining the pH of Basic Solutions | |
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Polyprotic Acids | |
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Assessing the Acid-Base Behavior of Salts in Aqueous Solution | |
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Anhydrides in Aqueous Solution | |
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Applications of Aqueous Equilibria | |
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Buffers and the Common-Ion Effect | |
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Acid-Base Titrations | |
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Solubility Equilibria | |
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Complex-Ion Equilibria | |
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Electrochemistry | |
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What Is Electrochemistry? | |
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Oxidation States--Electronic Bookkeeping | |
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Redox Equations | |
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Electrochemical Cells | |
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Chemical Reactivity Series | |
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Not-So-Standard Conditions: The Nernst Equation | |
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Electrolytic Reactions | |
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Coordination Complexes | |
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Bonding in Coordination Complexes | |
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Ligands | |
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Coordination Number | |
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Structure | |
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Isomers | |
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Formulas and Names | |
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Color and Coordination Compounds | |
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Chemical Reactions | |
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Nuclear Chemistry | |
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Isotopes and More Isotopes | |
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Types of Radioactive Decay | |
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Interaction of Radiation with Matter | |
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The Kinetics of Radioactive Decay | |
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Mass and Binding Energy | |
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Nuclear Stability and Human-made Radioactive Nuclides | |
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Splitting the Atom: Nuclear Fission | |
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Medical Uses of Radioisotopes | |
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The Chemistry of Life | |
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DNA--The Basic Structure | |
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Proteins | |
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How Genes Code for Proteins | |
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Enzymes | |
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The Diversity of Protein Functions | |
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Carbohydrates | |
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Lipids | |
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The Maelstrom of Metabolism | |
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Biochemistry and Chirality | |
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A Look to the Future | |
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Mathematical Operations | |
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Working with Exponents | |
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Working with Logarithms | |
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Solving the Quadratic Equation | |
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Graphing | |
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Calculating Uncertainties in Measurements | |
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Thermodynamic Data for Selected Compounds at 298 K | |
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Colligative Property Constants for Selected Compounds | |
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Selected Equilibrium Constants at 298 K | |
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Water Vapor Pressure Table | |
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Standard Reduction Potentials at 298 K | |
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Common Radioactive Nuclei Answers to Practice Exercises and Selected Exercises | |
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Index/Glossary | |