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Preface | |
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Introduction | |
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Historical Background | |
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Aristotle: Empiricism and the Laws of Association | |
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Descartes: Mind-Body Dualism and the Reflex | |
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The British Empiricists | |
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Structuralism: The Experimental Study of Consciousness | |
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Functionalism: The Study of the Adaptive Mind | |
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Behaviorism: The Study of Observable Behavior | |
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Five Schools of Behaviorism | |
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Watson's Methodological Behaviorism | |
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Hull's Neobehaviorism | |
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Tolman's Cognitive Behaviorism | |
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Bandura's Social Learning Theory | |
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Skinner's Radical Behaviorism | |
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The Life of B. F. Skinner | |
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Research Methods | |
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Basic Terms and Definitions | |
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Independent and Dependent Variables | |
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Functional Relationships | |
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Stimulus and Response | |
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Overt and Covert Behavior | |
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Appetitive and Aversive Stimuli | |
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Establishing Operations: Deprivation and Satiation | |
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Contiguity and Contingency | |
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Measurement of Behavior | |
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Behavioral Definitions | |
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Recording Methods | |
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Research Designs | |
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Descriptive Research | |
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Experimental Research | |
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Use of Animals in Behavioral Research | |
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Put Learning into Action with Sniffy, the Virtual Rat | |
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Elicited Behaviors and Classical Conditioning | |
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Elicited Behaviors | |
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Reflexes | |
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Fixed Action Patterns | |
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Simple Mechanisms of Learning | |
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Habituation and Sensitization | |
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Opponent-Process Theory of Emotion | |
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Classical Conditioning | |
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Pavlov's Discovery of Classical Conditioning | |
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Basic Procedure and Definitions | |
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Appetitive and Aversive Conditioning | |
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Excitatory and Inhibitory Conditioning | |
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Temporal Arrangement of Stimuli | |
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Put Learning into Action with Sniffy, the Virtual Rat | |
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Classical Conditioning: Basic Phenomena and Various Complexities | |
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Some Basic Conditioning Phenomena | |
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Acquisition | |
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Extinction, Spontaneous Recovery, and Disinhibition | |
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Stimulus Generalization and Discrimination | |
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Discrimination Training and Experimental Neurosis | |
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Two Extensions to Classical Conditioning | |
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Higher-Order Conditioning | |
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Sensory Preconditioning | |
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Three Limitations to Classical Conditioning | |
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Overshadowing | |
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Blocking | |
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Latent Inhibition | |
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Additional Phenomena | |
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Temporal Conditioning | |
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Occasion Setting | |
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US Revaluation | |
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Pseudoconditioning | |
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Put Learning into Action with Sniffy, the Virtual Rat | |
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Classical Conditioning: Underlying Processes and Practical Applications | |
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Underlying Processes in Classical Conditioning | |
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S-S versus S-R Learning | |
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Stimulus-Substitution versus Preparatory-Response Theory | |
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Compensatory-Response Model | |
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Rescorla-Wagner Theory | |
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Practical Applications of Classical Conditioning | |
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Understanding Phobias | |
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Treating Phobias | |
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Aversion Therapy for Eliminating Problem Behaviors | |
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Medical Applications | |
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Put Learning into Action with Sniffy, the Virtual Rat | |
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Operant Conditioning: Introduction | |
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Historical Background | |
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Thorndike's Law of Effect | |
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Skinner's Learning by Consequences | |
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Operant Conditioning | |
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Operant Behavior | |
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Operant Consequences: Reinforcers and Punishers | |
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Operant Antecedents: Discriminative Stimuli | |
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Four Types of Contingencies | |
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Positive Reinforcement | |
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Negative Reinforcement | |
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Positive Punishment | |
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Negative Punishment | |
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Positive Reinforcement: Further Distinctions | |
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Immediate versus Delayed Reinforcement | |
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Primary and Secondary Reinforcers | |
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Intrinsic and Extrinsic Reinforcement | |
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Shaping | |
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Put Learning into Action with Sniffy, the Virtual Rat | |
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Operant Conditioning: Schedules and Theories of Reinforcement | |
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Schedules of Reinforcement | |
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Continuous versus Intermittent Schedules | |
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Four Basic Intermittent Schedules | |
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Other Simple Schedules of Reinforcement | |
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Chained Schedules | |
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Theories of Reinforcement | |
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Drive Reduction Theory | |
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The Premack Principle | |
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Response Deprivation Hypothesis | |
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Behavioral Bliss Point Approach | |
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Put Learning into Action with Sniffy, the Virtual Rat | |
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Extinction and Stimulus Control | |
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Extinction | |
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Side Effects of Extinction | |
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Resistance to Extinction | |
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Spontaneous Recovery | |
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Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior | |
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Stimulus Control | |
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Stimulus Generalization and Discrimination | |
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The Peak Shift Effect | |
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Multiple Schedules and Behavioral Contrast | |
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Fading and Errorless Discrimination Learning | |
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Stimulus Control: Additional Applications | |
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Put Learning into Action with Sniffy, the Virtual Rat | |
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Escape, Avoidance, and Punishment | |
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Escape and Avoidance | |
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Two-Process Theory of Avoidance | |
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Avoidance Conditioning and Phobias | |
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Avoidance Conditioning and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder | |
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Punishment | |
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Types of Punishment | |
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Problems with the Use of Punishment | |
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Effective Use of Punishment | |
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Theories of Punishment | |
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Effects of Noncontingent Punishment | |
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Learned Helplessness | |
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Masserman's Experimental Neurosis | |
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Choice, Matching, and Self-Control | |
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Choice and Matching | |
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Concurrent Schedules | |
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The Matching Law | |
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Deviations from Matching | |
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Matching and Melioration | |
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Self-Control | |
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Skinner on Self-Control | |
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Self-Control as a Temporal Issue | |
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The Ainslie-Rachlin Model of Self-Control | |
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Cognitive Factors in Self-Control | |
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Biological Dispositions in Learning | |
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Preparedness and Conditioning | |
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Preparedness in Classical Conditioning | |
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Preparedness in Operant Conditioning | |
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Operant-Respondent Interactions | |
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Instinctive Drift | |
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Sign Tracking | |
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Adjunctive Behavior | |
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Basic Procedure and Defining Characteristics | |
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Adjunctive Behavior in Humans | |
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Adjunctive Behavior as Displacement Activity | |
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Activity Anorexia | |
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Basic Procedure and Defining Characteristics | |
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Comparisons with Anorexia Nervosa | |
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Underlying Mechanisms | |
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Clinical Implications | |
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Observational Learning, Language, and Rule-Governed Behavior | |
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Observational Learning | |
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In Classical Conditioning | |
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In Operant Conditioning | |
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Observational Learning in Animals | |
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Language | |
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Can Animals "Talk"? | |
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Sign Language Experiments | |
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Artificial Language Experiments | |
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Rule-Governed Behavior | |
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Definitions and Characteristics | |
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Some Disadvantages of Rule-Governed Behavior | |
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Personal Rules in Self-Regulation | |
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References | |
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Index | |