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| Preface | |
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| Introduction to Arguments | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Arguments | |
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| Recognizing Arguments | |
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| Extended Arguments | |
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| Reconstructing Arguments | |
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| Review | |
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| Paying Special Attention to the Language of Arguments | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Ambiguity | |
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| Vagueness | |
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| Definitions | |
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| Use and Mention | |
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| Review | |
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| Deductive Arguments, Inductive Arguments, and Fallacies | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Deductive Arguments | |
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| Inductive Arguments | |
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| Fallacies | |
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| Review | |
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| A Closer Look At Inductive Arguments | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Statistical Syllogisms | |
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| Arguments from analogy | |
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| Arguments Based on samples | |
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| Extended Inductive Arguments | |
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| Pro and Con Arguments | |
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| Review | |
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| Causal Arguments | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Mill's Methods for Establishing Casual Claim | |
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| Controlled Experiments | |
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| Hume's Analysis of Causation | |
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| Casual Fallacies | |
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| Review | |
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| Probabilities and Inductive Logic | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Rules of Probability | |
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| Using Probabilities to Plan a Course of Action-Decision The ory | |
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| Review | |
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| Confirmation of Hypotheses | |
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| Hypotheses | |
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| The Hypothetico-Deductive Method | |
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| Complexities in the Hypothetico-Deductive Method | |
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| Incremental Confirmation and "Absolute" Confirmation | |
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| Disconfirmation | |
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| Bayesian Confirmation | |
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| Review | |
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| Deductive Reasoning?Sentential Logic | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Properties of Deductive Arguments: Validity and the Importance of Logical Form | |
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| Conditional Sentences | |
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| Two Conditional Argument Forms | |
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| Fallacies Associated with these Conditional Forms | |
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| Additional Forms of Sentential Arguments | |
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| Symbolizing Connectives | |
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| Symbolizing English Sentences | |
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| Determining the Truth Values of Compound Sentence Forms Determining the Validity of Invalidity of Argument Forms | |
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| Taulologies, Self-Contradictions, and Contingent Sentences | |
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| Review | |
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| Categorical Syllogisms | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Categorical Sentences | |
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| Translating English Sentences Into Standard Categorical Forms | |
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| Testing for Validity with Venn Diagrams | |
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| Distribution of Terms-Fallacies of Distribution | |
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| Other Ways to test the Validity of Syllogisms | |
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| Reducing the Number of Terms in Syllogisms | |
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| Reconstructing Ordinary-Language Arguments as Syllogisms | |
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| Quasi Syllogism and Sorites | |
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| Review | |
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| Arguments In Which Validity Depends On Relationships | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Examples of Relational Arguments | |
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| Important Properties of Relationships | |
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| Using Quantifiers to Express Relationships | |
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| Symbolizing Arguments | |
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| Review | |
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| Appendix One: Proof Method for Truth-Functional Logic | |
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| Appendix Two: Index of Fallacies | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Solutions to Even-numbered Exercises | |
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| Index | |