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| Preface to the Eighth Edition | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Nature of Philosophy | |
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| Introduction: What Is Philosophy? | |
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| The Traditional Divisions of Philosophy | |
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| An Example of Philosophy: Socrates | |
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| The Value of Philosophy | |
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| Chapter Summary and Conclusions | |
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| Historical Showcase: The First Philosophers | |
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| Readings | |
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| Appendix: A Look at Logic | |
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| Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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| Human Nature | |
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| Introduction: Why Study Human Nature? | |
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| What Is Human Nature? | |
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| How Do Mind and Body Relate? | |
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| Is There an Enduring Self? | |
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| Are We Independent and Self-Sufficient Individuals? | |
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| Chapter Summary and Conclusions | |
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| Historical Showcase: Plato, Aristotle, and Confucius | |
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| Readings | |
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| Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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| Metaphysics | |
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| Reality and Being | |
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| Introduction: What Is Real? | |
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| Reality: Material or Nonmaterial? | |
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| Reality in Pragmatism | |
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| Reality and Logical Positivism | |
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| Antirealism: The New Idealists | |
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| Encountering Reality: Phenomenology and Existentialism | |
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| Is Freedom Real? | |
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| Is Time Real? | |
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| Chapter Summary and Conclusions | |
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| Historical Showcase: Hobbes and Berkeley | |
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| Readings | |
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| Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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| Philosophy and God | |
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| Introduction: What Is Religion? | |
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| Does God Exist? | |
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| Atheism, Agnosticism, and the Problem of Evil | |
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| Traditional Religious Belief and Experience | |
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| Nontraditional Religious Experience | |
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| Chapter Summary and Conclusions | |
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| Historical Showcase: Aquinas, Descartes, and Conway | |
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| Readings | |
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| Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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| Epistemology | |
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| The Sources of Knowledge | |
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| Introduction: Why Is Knowledge a Problem? | |
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| Is Reason the Source of Our Knowledge? | |
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| Can the Senses Account for All Our Knowledge? | |
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| Kant: Does the Knowing Mind Shape the World? | |
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| Does Science Give Us Knowledge? | |
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| Chapter Summary and Conclusions | |
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| Historical Showcase: Hume | |
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| Readings | |
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| Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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| Truth | |
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| Introduction: Belief, Knowledge, and Truth | |
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| What Is Truth? | |
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| Does Science Give Us Truth? | |
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| Can Interpretations Be True? | |
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| Chapter Summary and Conclusions | |
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| Historical Showcase: Kant | |
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| Readings | |
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| Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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| Values | |
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| Ethics | |
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| Introduction: What Is Ethics? | |
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| Is Ethics Relative? | |
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| Do Consequences Make an Action Right? | |
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| Do Rules Define Morality? | |
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| Is Ethics Based on Character? | |
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| Can Ethics Resolve Moral Quandaries? | |
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| Ethics and Moral Responsibility | |
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| Chapter Summary and Conclusions | |
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| Historical Showcase: Nietzsche and Wollstonecraft | |
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| Readings | |
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| Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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| Social Philosophy | |
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| Introduction: What Is Social Philosophy? | |
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| What Justifies the State? | |
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| What Is Justice? | |
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| Law and Civil Disobedience | |
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| Chapter Summary and Conclusions | |
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| Historical Showcase: Marx and Rawls | |
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| Readings | |
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| Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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| Postscript: Art and Meaning | |
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| Introduction | |
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| What Is Art? | |
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| Does Life Have Meaning? | |
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| Chapter Summary and Conclusions | |
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| Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Index | |
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| Art Acknowledgments | |