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| Generating and Shaping Ideas: The Challenge of the One Semester Project | |
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| Introduction and Chapter Overview | |
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| Research: The Tension between the Old and the New | |
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| Topics Selected by Students | |
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| Time Pressure and Timelines | |
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| Sources of Ideas: Your Personal Sphere and Your College Environment | |
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| Print Media | |
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| Television | |
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| Previous Courses | |
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| Other Department Resources | |
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| Regional Association Meetings | |
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| Ideas in the Library: The Organization of the Library | |
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| Reference Materials | |
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| Library Browsing | |
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| Electronic Resources: The Library Home Page | |
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| Databases and indexes in the Social Sciences | |
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| Locating Journals Electronically | |
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| Other Electronic Sources in the Library Worth Knowing | |
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| Interlibrary Loan Systems | |
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| Online Dictionaries and Encyclopedias | |
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| Subject and Research Guides | |
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| GIS: Geographical Information Systems | |
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| Next Steps: What to Do with Your Articles and Books (Don't be satisfied with reading an abstract!): The Literature Review | |
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| Conflicts and Gaps | |
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| Seminal Studies and Becoming an Expert | |
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| The Method Section | |
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| Limitations and Future Directions | |
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| Critique, Critique, Critique | |
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| Organizing Your Articles and Books | |
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| Reasonable Questions and the Problem of Mediating Variables: Narrowing the Gap | |
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| Summary | |
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| Apply Your Knowledge Questions | |
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| Web Resources to Enhance Your Understanding | |
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| Research Design and Statistical Considerations | |
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| Introduction and Chapter Overview | |
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| Hypotheses: Slight Changes with Big Implications | |
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| Correlational Design | |
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| Quasi-experimental Design | |
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| Experimental Design | |
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| Cause and Effect and Types of Research Designs | |
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| Passive Designs: Correlational Research | |
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| Observational Methods, Non-obtrusive Measurement, and Archival Research | |
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| Qualitative Research Designs | |
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| Between-groups Design: Quasi-experimental Design and Quasi-independent Variables | |
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| Experimental Design | |
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| Research Designs: Issues of Sample Size, Power, and Effect Size: Sample Size | |
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| Power and Effect Size | |
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| Research Design: Some Practical Issues: Factors to Consider | |
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| Kinds of Research Questions and Associated Statistics: Sampling Distributions | |
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| Chi-squares and t-Tests | |
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| One-way Analysis of Variance | |
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| Analyses of Variance and Multivariate Analyses of Variance | |
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| Correlations: Statistics Involving Relationships, Not Group Differences | |
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| Factor Analysis | |
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| How to Analyze Open-ended Questions: Cautionary Tales: Qualitative Research and Statistics: Kappa as a Measure of Agreement | |
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| General Concerns about Research Designs: Internal Validity: The behavior of the experimenter | |
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| Blind and Double-blind Research Designs | |
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| Pre-existing Beliefs or Attitudes of the Participant | |
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| Cover Stories | |
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| Manipulation Checks | |
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| Variation in your Procedure | |
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| Sampling Issues | |
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| Function of the Equipment | |
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| Biases and Omissions in the Materials or Measures | |
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| Events in the Wider World | |
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| Internal Validity and Control of Variables | |
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| General Concerns about Research Designs: External Validity | |
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| Summary | |
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| Apply Your Knowledge Questions | |
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| Web Resources to Enhance Your Understanding | |
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| Summary Table of Research Design and Statistical Approaches | |
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| Sources of Measures | |
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| Introduction and Chapter Overview | |
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| What Measures or Instruments Do | |
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| Locating Measures or Equipment: The Literature | |
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| Statistical Qualities of the Measure | |
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| Length and Difficulty of Items | |
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| Instructions for Scoring | |
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| Names of Measures | |
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| Measures of Social Desirability | |
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| Availability: How to Obtain the Measure: The Article Itself | |
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| Department Authors and Professors | |
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| Books of and about Measures | |
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| The Drawbacks to Using Pre-existing Measures: Assessing New Territory | |
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| Developing Your Own Scale and Measuring Its Internal Consistency | |
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| Advice for Writing Instruments Yourself | |
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| Creating Your Own Scale: Item Format | |
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| Fees | |
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| Qualifications for Use | |
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| Summary | |
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| Apply Your Knowledge Questions | |
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| Web Resources to Enhance Your Understanding | |
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| Appendix of Commonly Used Measures | |
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| Obtaining Your Subjects: Never Appear on Stage With Animals or Children | |
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| Introduction and Chapter Overview | |
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| Once You have Your Idea, Then What? Subject Pools: How Subject Pools Function | |
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| The Timing of Your Request | |
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| Advertising/Pitching Your Research and Setting and Appropriate Tone | |
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| Sensitive Topics | |
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| Keeping Track and Planning Ahead | |
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| The Ins and Outs of Data Collection: Where you Collect Data | |
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| Scheduling/Time of Day/Days of Week | |
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| Attrition | |
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| Payment and the Ethics of Payment: Double Dipping | |
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| Ethical Concerns | |
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| Other Ways to Obtain College Students: Campus Newsletters or Daily Postings | |
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| Campus Groups | |
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| Mail Surveys | |
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| Internet Surveys and Software | |
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| Real People: Research in the Field: Connections | |
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| Making a Contribution | |
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| "Cold Call" | |
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| Bureaucracy | |
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| Vulnerable Populations/Service Learning | |
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| Ethical Issues in Multiple Relationships | |
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| Children | |
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| The Convenience Sample or Using Your Friends as Research Subjects? | |
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| Dustin's Dozen: Tips for Collecting Data in the Field | |
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| Final Words | |
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| Summary | |
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| Apply Your Knowledge Questions | |
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| Web Resources to Enhance Your Understanding | |
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| Ethics and the Irb Review Process: I'm From the Irb and I'm Here to Help You | |
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| Introduction and Chapter Overview | |
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| A Personal Reflection | |
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| What is the IRB and Why Does It Exist? History of IRBs | |
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| What is Research? What are Human Subjects? IRB Nuts and Bolts: IRB Membership | |
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| The Levels of IRB Review | |
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| Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) | |
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| IRB Actions | |
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| Effective Communication in the Research Process | |
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| Components of the IRB Proposal: What Each Proposal Should Address; Informed Consent | |
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| Other Sensitive Issues | |
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| Vulnerable Populations and their Implications for Research: The Child's Assent (Agreement) | |
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| The Question of Deception and Its Alternatives: Deception: Contribution of the American Psychological Association | |
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| Debriefing/Explanation of Research | |
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| Alternatives to Participation for Students in a Subject Pool | |
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| Does Social and Behavioral Research Need IRB Review? Advice for Preparing Your IRB Proposal | |
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| The IRB as an educational Experience: Training Modules | |
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| Summary | |
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| Apply Your Knowledge Questions | |
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| Web Resources to Enhance Your Understanding | |
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| Sample Informed Consent Document | |
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| Sample Debriefing/Explanation of Research Form | |
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| Managing Your Data: A Penny Saved? | |
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| Introduction and Chapter Overview | |
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| Data Entry: What to Label | |
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| Labeling in a Statistical Package | |
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| Deciding on a Coding Scheme | |
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| Specificity is Flexibility | |
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| A Word about Keeping Data Backed Up | |
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| How to Enter Scales: Scale Total vs | |
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| Individual Items | |
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| Dealing with Missing Data | |
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| Reliability Analysis | |
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| After Data Entry: Data Entry Mistakes | |
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| Adding New Data to the Original Data File | |
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| Reverse Scored Items | |
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| Preliminary Analyses: Significance Levels and p Values | |
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| A Few Comments about SPSS | |
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| Where to Begin Your Data Analyses | |
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| Going Fishing | |
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| "Cleaning Up Your Act" | |
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| Content Analyses | |
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| Writing about Results: What is Important? Parallel Order | |
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| Top-down Structure | |
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| Thorough Reporting | |
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| Writing Up Analyses: Explanations First!: Straightforward | |
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| Summary | |
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| Apply Your Knowledge Questions | |
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| Web Resources to Enhance Your Understanding | |
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| The Light at the End of the Tunnel: Report Writing and Presentations | |
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| Introduction and Chapter Overview | |
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| The Title | |
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| The Abstract | |
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| The Introduction: The First Sentence(s) in the Paper | |
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| The Method Section: Participants | |
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| Apparatus/Materials | |
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| Procedure | |
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| Statement of Research Design | |
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| The Results Section: Analyses of Group Differences | |
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| Measures of Relationships | |
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| Non-parametric Statistics | |
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| A Word about Reading Significance Levels | |
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| Reader-Friendly Results | |
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| The Discussion: Non-significant Findings; Statistical vs | |
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| Practical Significance | |
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| References: Citations and References Must Match; Secondary Sources | |
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| Appendixes | |
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| Tables and Figures | |
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| The APA Manual Behemoth: List of Common Questions; Other Useful Sections of the APA Manual | |
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| Some Things are Worth Memorizing | |
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| Some Stylistic Conventions | |
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| Common Grammatical Pitfalls | |
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| Your Manuscript Checklist | |
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| Presentations at Local and Regional Conferences: Creating a Conference Poster | |
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| The Large Poster | |
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| Oral Presentations | |
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| Other Opportunities for Presentation | |
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| Summary | |
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| Apply Your Knowledge Questions | |
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| Web Resources to Enhance Your Understanding | |
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| Table of Common Statistical Measures: What and How to Report | |
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| Example of a Large Poster (in Miniature) | |
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| Appendix: Common Statistical Measures | |
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| Glossary References | |