Preface | p. xi |
A Personal Word to the Student | p. xiv |
Introduction to Philosophy | p. 1 |
What Is Philosophy? | p. 2 |
Philosophy Begins with Wonder | p. 2 |
Pythagoras | p. 4 |
The Eleatics | p. 5 |
Heracleitus | p. 8 |
Other Significant Philosophers | p. 9 |
Philosophy: The Love of Wisdom | p. 10 |
A Little Bit of Logic | p. 20 |
Deductive and Inductive Reasoning | p. 20 |
Abductive Reasoning | p. 24 |
Some Applications | p. 27 |
Fallacies of Reasoning | p. 28 |
Box: Necessary and Sufficient Conditions | p. 30 |
The Rise of the Sophists and Socrates | p. 34 |
The Rise of the Sophists | p. 34 |
Socrates: The Father of Ethics | p. 39 |
Box: Plato | p. 47 |
Philosophy of Religion | p. 51 |
Arguments for the Existence of God | p. 54 |
The Cosmological Argument for the Existence of God: A First Cause | p. 56 |
The Argument from Contingency | p. 58 |
The Teleological Argument for the Existence of God | p. 63 |
A Designer | p. 63 |
Hume's Critique | p. 64 |
The Darwinian Objection | p. 66 |
The Ontological Argument for the Existence of God | p. 70 |
Anselm's Argument | p. 71 |
Criticism of Anselm's Argument | p. 72 |
The Second Version of Anselm's Argument | p. 74 |
The Argument from Religious Experience | p. 78 |
Encounters with God | p. 78 |
An Analysis of Religious Experience | p. 79 |
A Critique of the Strong-Justification Thesis | p. 82 |
The Problem of Evil | p. 91 |
The Mystery of Evil | p. 91 |
The Argument from Evil | p. 92 |
The Free-Will Defense | p. 94 |
The Theodicy Defense | p. 96 |
Problems with the Theodicy Defense | p. 97 |
Evolution and Evil | p. 99 |
Faith and Reason | p. 103 |
The Challenge to Faith: An Outline of the Central Issues | p. 103 |
Pragmatic Justification of Religious Belief | p. 104 |
Fideism: Faith Without/Against Reason | p. 107 |
Alvin Plantinga's Theory of Reformed Epistemology | p. 110 |
The Theory of Knowledge | p. 119 |
What Can We Know? | p. 120 |
Knowledge and Its Types | p. 120 |
Theories of Truth | p. 122 |
Knowledge and Belief | p. 129 |
Skepticism | p. 138 |
The Challenge of Skepticism | p. 138 |
Descartes | p. 139 |
Hume | p. 142 |
Do We have Knowledge of the External World? | p. 146 |
The Relevant Alternatives Model | p. 147 |
Moore's Defense of Common Sense | p. 149 |
Weak versus Strong Knowledge | p. 150 |
Perception: Our Knowledge of the External World | p. 156 |
Appearance and Reality | p. 156 |
Theories of Perception | p. 157 |
Philosophy of Mind | p. 169 |
The Mind-Body Problem | p. 170 |
Dualistic Interactionism | p. 170 |
Materialism | p. 173 |
A Critique of Dualistic Interactionism | p. 175 |
Dualism Revived | p. 178 |
Box: The Mind-Body Problem | p. 179 |
Materialist Monism | p. 183 |
Functionalism and Biological Naturalism | p. 191 |
Box: Intentionality | p. 196 |
The Problem of Personal Identity | p. 199 |
What Is It to Be a Person? | p. 200 |
What Is Identity? | p. 201 |
What Is Personal Identity? | p. 202 |
Is There Life after Death? Personal Identity and Immortality | p. 208 |
Box: Reincarnation | p. 213 |
Freedom of the Will and Determinism | p. 217 |
Determinism | p. 219 |
Universal Causality | p. 220 |
Teleological Determinism | p. 223 |
Libertarianism | p. 225 |
The Argument from Deliberation | p. 225 |
The Argument from Moral Responsibility | p. 230 |
Compatibilism: How to Have Your Cake and Eat It Too | p. 233 |
A Reconciling Project | p. 233 |
A Critique of Compatibilism: A "Quagmire of Evasion"? | p. 236 |
The Argument Against Compatibilism from Moral Responsibility | p. 236 |
The Compatibilist Response | p. 240 |
Ethics | p. 245 |
What Is Morality? | p. 246 |
Why Do We Need Morality? | p. 246 |
The Purposes of Morality | p. 251 |
Ethical Relativism versus Ethical Objectivism | p. 255 |
An Analysis of Ethnical Relativism | p. 257 |
Subjective Ethnical Relativism (Subjectivism) | p. 258 |
Conventional Ethical Relativism (Conventionalism) | p. 259 |
The Case for Ethical Objectivism | p. 262 |
Egoism, Self-Love, and Altruism | p. 268 |
Arguments for Ethical Egoism | p. 271 |
Arguments Against Ethical Egoism | p. 273 |
Evolution and Altruism | p. 275 |
Utilitarianism and the Structure of Ethics | p. 280 |
What is Utilitarianism? | p. 283 |
The Strengths and Weaknesses of Utilitarianism | p. 286 |
Utilitarian Responses to the Standard Objections | p. 288 |
Kantian Deontological Ethics | p. 294 |
Immanuel Kant's Rationalist Deontological System | p. 295 |
The Goodwill | p. 297 |
Duty and the Moral Law | p. 297 |
Kant's Second Formulation of the Categorical Imperative | p. 302 |
The Principle of Autonomy | p. 304 |
Religion and Ethics | p. 308 |
Does Morality Depend on Religion? | p. 309 |
Is Religion Irrelevant or Even Inimical to Morality? | p. 313 |
Does Religion Enhance the Moral Life? | p. 316 |
Existentialism and the Meaning of Life | p. 323 |
Existentialism | p. 324 |
What Is Existentialism? | p. 324 |
Box: Soren Aabye Kierkegaard | p. 326 |
Box: Friedrich Nietzsche | p. 327 |
Three Theses of Existentialism | p. 330 |
Box: Jean-Paul Sartre | p. 334 |
Assessment | p. 336 |
How to Read and Write a Philosophy Paper | p. 341 |
Glossary | p. 343 |
Index | p. 351 |
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