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| Preface | |
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| What Is an Argument? (And What Is Not?) | |
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| Argument and Opinion | |
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| What Is an Argument? | |
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| Where and How Do You Find Arguments? | |
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| Why Are Arguments Important? | |
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| What Isn't an Argument? | |
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| Argument and Explanation: What's the Difference? | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Review of Terms Introduced | |
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| Notes | |
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| Pinning Down Argument Structure | |
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| Standardizing an Argument | |
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| From Colloquial Writing to Standardized Form | |
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| General Strategies for Standardizing Arguments | |
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| Important Details about Conclusions | |
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| Important Details about Premises | |
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| The Principle of Charity in Argument Interpretation | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Review of Terms Introduced | |
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| Notes | |
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| When Is an Argument a Good One? | |
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| The ARG Conditions | |
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| More on the (R) and (G) Conditions: Reasoning from Premises to Conclusions | |
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| Using the ARG Conditions to Evaluate Arguments | |
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| The Significance of Argument Evaluation | |
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| The Challenge of Argument | |
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| Evaluating Arguments and Constructing Your Own Arguments | |
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| The Dialectical Context | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Review of Terms Introduced | |
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| Notes | |
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| Looking at Language | |
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| Definitions | |
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| Further Features of Language | |
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| Clarity and Audience: The Problem of Jargon | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Review of Terms Introduced | |
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| Notes | |
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| Premises: What to Accept and Why | |
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| The Dilemma of Premises | |
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| When Premises Are Acceptable | |
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| Summary of Acceptability Conditions | |
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| When Premises Are Unacceptable | |
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| Summary of Unacceptability Conditions | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Review of Terms Introduced | |
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| Notes | |
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| Working on Relevance | |
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| Characteristics of Relevance | |
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| Some Ways of Being Relevant | |
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| Irrelevance: Some General Comments | |
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| Fallacies Involving Irrelevance | |
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| Irrelevance, Missing Premises, and Argument Criticism | |
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| Emotional Appeals, Irrelevance, and Distraction | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Review of Terms Introduced | |
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| Notes | |
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| Deductions: Categorical Logic | |
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| Deductive Relations | |
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| Four Categorical Forms | |
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| Natural Language and Categorical Form | |
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| Venn Diagrams | |
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| Rules of Immediate Inference | |
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| Contrary and Contradictory Predicates and False Dichotomies | |
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| Categorical Logic: Some Philosophical Background | |
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| The Categorical Syllogism | |
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| The Rules of the Categorical Syllogism | |
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| Applying Categorical Logic | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Review of Terms Introduced | |
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| Notes | |
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| Deductively Valid Arguments: Propositional Logic | |
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| Definition of the Basic Symbols Used in Propositional Logic | |
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| Testing for Validity by the Truth Table Technique | |
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| The Shorter Truth Table Technique | |
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| Translating from English into Propositional Logic | |
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| Further Points about Translation | |
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| Simple Proofs in Propositional Logic | |
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| Propositional Logic and Cogent Arguments | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Review of Terms Introduced | |
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| Notes | |
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| An Introduction to Inductive Arguments | |
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| Philosophical Background | |
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| Inductive Generalizations | |
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| Causal Inductive Arguments | |
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| Correlations | |
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| Problems with Premises | |
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| Common Fallacies in Inductive Arguments | |
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| Different Senses of Inductive | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Review of Terms Introduced | |
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| Notes | |
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| Analogies: Reasoning from Case to Case | |
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| The Nature and Functions of Analogy | |
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| Analogy and Consistency | |
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| Inductive Analogies | |
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| Further Critical Strategies | |
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| Loose and Misleading Analogies | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Review of Terms Introduced | |
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| Notes | |
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| Conductive Arguments and Counterconsiderations | |
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| Counterconsiderations | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Review of Terms Introduced | |
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| Notes | |
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| Reflective Analysis of Longer Works | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Reading for Understanding | |
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| Reading for Appraisal | |
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| Developing an Outline for Your Essay | |
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| A Sample Essay | |
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| Working through an Example | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Review of Terms Introduced | |
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| Note | |
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| A Summary of Fallacies | |
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| Selected Essays for Analysis | |
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| "How Patriarchy Becomes Santa Claus: Why a Myth Is as Good as Its Smile," | |
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| "Abortion and Violence," | |
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| "Believing in the Goddess?" | |
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| "Clash Over Climate Change: Singer Article Clouds the Picture," | |
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| "Global Warming Proof Still Suspect," | |
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| Answers to Selected Exercises | |
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| Index | |