Preface | p. xvii |
The Nature of Crime, Law, and Criminal Justice | p. 1 |
Crime and Criminal Justice | p. 2 |
The Concept of a Criminal Justice System | p. 4 |
The Contemporary Criminal Justice System | p. 5 |
The Formal Criminal Justice Process | p. 8 |
The Informal Criminal Justice Process | p. 15 |
Perspectives on Criminal Justice | p. 19 |
Perspectives in Action: Controlling the Drug Trade | p. 25 |
Summary | p. 32 |
Key Terms | p. 34 |
Discussion Questions | p. 34 |
A Closer Look | p. 34 |
Notes | p. 34 |
The Nature of Crime and Victimization | p. 36 |
What Is a Crime? | p. 38 |
How Crime Is Measured | p. 39 |
How Crime Is Reported | p. 41 |
Crime Trends | p. 48 |
Crime Patterns | p. 54 |
Criminal Careers | p. 63 |
Summary | p. 64 |
Key Terms | p. 65 |
Discussion Questions | p. 65 |
A Closer Look | p. 65 |
Notes | p. 65 |
Understanding Crime and Victimization | p. 68 |
Crime in the United States | p. 70 |
The Cause of Crime | p. 74 |
Because They Want To: Choice Theory | p. 74 |
Because They're Different: Biological Theories | p. 78 |
It's in Their Heads: Psychological Theories | p. 80 |
Society Is the Real Culprit: Sociological Theories | p. 86 |
It's Political: Conflict Theory | p. 96 |
It's a Matter of Development: Integrated Theories | p. 97 |
It's How You Live: Theories of Victimization | p. 99 |
Summary | p. 101 |
Key Terms | p. 103 |
Discussion Questions | p. 103 |
A Closer Look | p. 104 |
Notes | p. 104 |
Criminal Law: Substance and Procedure | p. 108 |
Historical Development of the Criminal Law | p. 110 |
Sources of the Criminal Law | p. 113 |
Crimes: Classifications and Legal Definitions | p. 114 |
Criminal Responsibility | p. 120 |
Criminal Defense: Justification and Excuse | p. 126 |
Substantive Criminal Law Reform | p. 131 |
Constitutional Criminal Procedure | p. 133 |
The State Criminal Justice System under the U.S. Constitution | p. 136 |
Procedural Due Process of Law | p. 138 |
Future Directions in Criminal Law and Procedure | p. 139 |
Summary | p. 140 |
Key Terms | p. 142 |
Discussion Questions | p. 142 |
A Closer Look | p. 142 |
Notes | p. 142 |
The Police and Law Enforcement | p. 145 |
Police in Society: History and Organization | p. 146 |
The History of Police | p. 148 |
The Modern Era of Policing: 1960-2000 | p. 154 |
Contemporary Law Enforcement | p. 156 |
Law Enforcement in the Twenty-First Century | p. 163 |
Private Security | p. 169 |
Summary | p. 170 |
Key Terms | p. 171 |
Discussion Questions | p. 171 |
A Closer Look | p. 171 |
Notes | p. 172 |
The Police: Organization, Role, and Function | p. 174 |
The Police Organization | p. 176 |
The Police Role | p. 177 |
The Patrol Function | p. 178 |
The Investigation Function | p. 184 |
Changing Concepts of the Police Role | p. 187 |
Police Support Functions | p. 195 |
Improving Police Productivity | p. 198 |
Summary | p. 201 |
Key Terms | p. 201 |
Discussion Questions | p. 201 |
A Closer Look | p. 201 |
Notes | p. 202 |
Issues in Policing | p. 204 |
The Police Profession | p. 206 |
Who Are the Police? | p. 214 |
The Downside of Policing: Stress, Violence, and Corruption | p. 221 |
Summary | p. 237 |
Key Terms | p. 238 |
Discussion Questions | p. 238 |
A Closer Look | p. 238 |
Notes | p. 238 |
Police and the Rule of Law | p. 242 |
Police and the Courts | p. 244 |
Search and Seizure | p. 245 |
Warrantless Searches | p. 247 |
Electronic Surveillance | p. 255 |
Arrest | p. 257 |
Custodial Interrogation | p. 259 |
The Pretrial Identification Process | p. 260 |
The Exclusionary Rule | p. 264 |
Summary | p. 268 |
Key Terms | p. 268 |
Discussion Questions | p. 269 |
A Closer Look | p. 269 |
Notes | p. 269 |
Courts and Adjudication | p. 271 |
Courts and the Judiciary | p. 272 |
Criminal Court Process | p. 274 |
The Structure of the State Court System | p. 275 |
The Structure of the Federal Courts | p. 280 |
Court Caseloads | p. 287 |
The Judiciary | p. 288 |
Court Administration | p. 293 |
Summary | p. 295 |
Key Terms | p. 296 |
Discussion Questions | p. 296 |
A Closer Look | p. 296 |
Notes | p. 297 |
The Prosecution and the Defense | p. 298 |
The Prosecutor | p. 300 |
Prosecutorial Discretion | p. 309 |
The Defense Attorney | p. 314 |
The Right to Counsel | p. 316 |
The Defense Lawyer as a Professional Advocate | p. 324 |
Summary | p. 327 |
Key Terms | p. 329 |
Discussion Questions | p. 330 |
A Closer Look | p. 330 |
Notes | p. 330 |
Pretrial Procedures | p. 332 |
Procedures Following Arrest | p. 335 |
Bail | p. 337 |
Pretrial Detention | p. 343 |
The Indictment Process | p. 346 |
Plea Bargaining | p. 350 |
Pretrial Diversion | p. 359 |
Summary | p. 361 |
Key Terms | p. 361 |
Discussion Questions | p. 361 |
A Closer Look | p. 362 |
Notes | p. 362 |
The Criminal Trial | p. 364 |
Legal Rights during Trial | p. 367 |
Fair Trial versus Free Press | p. 374 |
The Trial Process | p. 378 |
Evidentiary Standards | p. 390 |
Trial Reform in the Twenty-First Century | p. 392 |
Summary | p. 393 |
Key Terms | p. 395 |
Discussion Questions | p. 395 |
A Closer Look | p. 395 |
Notes | p. 396 |
Punishment and Sentencing | p. 398 |
History of Punishment | p. 400 |
The Goals of Criminal Punishment | p. 402 |
Imposing the Sentence | p. 407 |
Patterns of Sentencing | p. 414 |
Capital Punishment | p. 420 |
Summary | p. 434 |
Key Terms | p. 435 |
Discussion Questions | p. 435 |
A Closer Look | p. 435 |
Notes | p. 435 |
Corrections | p. 439 |
Probation and Intermediate Sanctions | p. 440 |
Probation | p. 442 |
Intermediate Sanctions | p. 454 |
Can Alternative Sanctions Work? | p. 469 |
Summary | p. 473 |
Key Terms | p. 473 |
Discussion Questions | p. 474 |
A Closer Look | p. 474 |
Notes | p. 474 |
Corrections: History, Institutions, and Populations | p. 478 |
History of Correctional Institutions | p. 481 |
Jails | p. 490 |
The Prison System | p. 493 |
Alternative Correctional Institutions | p. 498 |
Correctional Populations | p. 502 |
Summary | p. 507 |
Key Terms | p. 507 |
Discussion Questions | p. 507 |
A Closer Look | p. 508 |
Notes | p. 508 |
The Prison Experince: Living in and Leaving Prison | p. 510 |
Men Imprisoned | p. 512 |
Women Imprisoned | p. 518 |
Institutional Treatment Programs | p. 522 |
Guarding the Institution | p. 534 |
Leaving Prison | p. 544 |
Summary | p. 550 |
Key Terms | p. 551 |
Discussion Questions | p. 551 |
A Closer Look | p. 551 |
Notes | p. 552 |
The History and Nature of the Juvenile Justice System | p. 555 |
Juvenile Justice | p. 556 |
History of Juvenile Justice | p. 558 |
Juvenile Court Jurisdiction | p. 563 |
The Juvenile Court Today | p. 564 |
Police Processing of the Juvenile Offender | p. 566 |
The Pretrial Stage of Juvenile Justice | p. 569 |
The Waiver of Jurisdiction | p. 571 |
The Juvenile Trial | p. 573 |
Disposition and Treatment | p. 576 |
Institutionalization | p. 578 |
Postdisposition | p. 581 |
Current and Future Issues in Juvenile Justice | p. 583 |
Summary | p. 586 |
Key Terms | p. 586 |
Discussion Questions | p. 586 |
A Closer Look | p. 587 |
Notes | p. 587 |
Careers in Criminal Justice | p. 589 |
The Constitution of the United States | p. 597 |
Glossary | p. 607 |
Table of Cases | p. 615 |
Name Index | p. 619 |
Subject Index | p. 630 |
Photo Credits | p. 643 |
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