Introducing the Sociological Imagination | |
Sociological Perspectives and Sociological Research | p. 1 |
What Is Sociology? | p. 3 |
The Sociological Perspective | p. 3 |
Debunking in Sociology | p. 6 |
Discovering Unsettling Facts | p. 7 |
Key Sociological Concepts | p. 9 |
The Significance of Diversity | p. 9 |
Diversity: A Source of Change | p. 9 |
Society in Global Perspective | p. 11 |
The Development of Sociological Theory | p. 13 |
The Influence of the Enlightenment | p. 13 |
Classical Sociological Theory | p. 14 |
Sociology in America | p. 16 |
Theoretical Frameworks: Functionalism, Conflict Theory, and Symbolic Interaction | p. 17 |
Doing Sociological Research | p. 20 |
Sociology and the Scientific Method | p. 21 |
The Research Process | p. 21 |
The Tools of Sociological Research | p. 24 |
The Survey: Polls, Questionnaires, and Interviews | p. 24 |
Participant Observation | p. 25 |
Controlled Experiments | p. 26 |
Content Analysis | p. 26 |
Comparative and Historical Research | p. 27 |
Evaluation Research | p. 27 |
Prediction and Sampling | p. 27 |
Research Ethics: Is Sociology Value-Free? | p. 28 |
Chapter Summary | p. 29 |
Society and Social Structure | |
Culture | p. 31 |
Defining Culture | p. 32 |
Characteristics of Culture | p. 33 |
Biology and Human Culture | p. 35 |
The Elements of Culture | p. 36 |
Language | p. 36 |
Norms | p. 39 |
Beliefs | p. 40 |
Values | p. 40 |
Cultural Diversity | p. 41 |
Dominant Culture | p. 43 |
Subcultures | p. 43 |
Countercultures | p. 45 |
Ethnocentrism | p. 46 |
The Globalization of Culture | p. 47 |
Popular Culture | p. 48 |
The Influence of the Mass Media | p. 50 |
Racism and Sexism in the Media | p. 51 |
Theoretical Perspectives on Culture | p. 52 |
Culture and Group Solidarity | p. 53 |
Culture, Power, and Social Conflict | p. 53 |
New Cultural Studies | p. 54 |
Cultural Change | p. 55 |
Culture Lag | p. 55 |
Sources of Cultural Change | p. 55 |
Chapter Summary | p. 56 |
Socialization | p. 59 |
The Socialization Process | p. 60 |
Socialization as Social Control | p. 62 |
Conformity and Individuality | p. 62 |
The Consequences of Socialization | p. 63 |
Theories of Socialization | p. 64 |
Psychoanalytic Theory | p. 64 |
Object Relations Theory | p. 65 |
Social Learning Theory | p. 65 |
Symbolic Interaction Theory | p. 66 |
Agents of Socialization | p. 68 |
The Family | p. 69 |
The Media | p. 69 |
Peers | p. 71 |
Religion | p. 71 |
Sports | p. 73 |
Schools | p. 74 |
Growing Up in a Diverse Society | p. 75 |
Socialization Across the Life Course | p. 76 |
Childhood | p. 76 |
Adolescence | p. 78 |
Adulthood | p. 79 |
Old Age | p. 80 |
Rites of Passage | p. 82 |
Resocialization | p. 84 |
The Process of Conversion | p. 84 |
The Brainwashing Debate | p. 85 |
Chapter Summary | p. 85 |
Society and Social Interaction | p. 88 |
What Is Society? | p. 89 |
Microanalysis and Macroanalysis | p. 89 |
Groups | p. 90 |
Statuses | p. 90 |
Roles | p. 92 |
Theories About Analyzing Social Interaction | p. 93 |
The Social Construction of Reality | p. 93 |
Ethnomethodology | p. 94 |
Impression Management and Dramaturgy | p. 95 |
Social Exchange | p. 97 |
Interaction in Cyberspace | p. 97 |
A Study in Diversity: Forms of Nonverbal Communication | p. 99 |
Touch | p. 99 |
Paralinguistic Communication | p. 100 |
Kinesic Communication | p. 101 |
Use of Personal Space | p. 102 |
Interpersonal Attraction and the Formation of Pairs | p. 103 |
Proximity | p. 104 |
Mere Exposure Effect | p. 104 |
Perceived Physical Attractiveness | p. 104 |
Similarity | p. 105 |
Social Institutions and Social Structure | p. 105 |
Social Institutions | p. 105 |
Social Structure | p. 107 |
What Holds Society Together? | p. 107 |
Mechanical and Organic Solidarity | p. 107 |
Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft | p. 108 |
Types of Societies: A Global View | p. 109 |
Industrial Societies | p. 110 |
Postindustrial Societies | p. 112 |
Chapter Summary | p. 113 |
Groups and Organizations | p. 115 |
Types of Groups | p. 117 |
Dyads and Triads: Group Size Effects | p. 117 |
Primary and Secondary Groups | p. 118 |
Reference Groups | p. 119 |
In-Groups and Out-Groups | p. 119 |
Social Networks | p. 121 |
The Small World Problem | p. 121 |
Social Influence | p. 122 |
The Bystander Intervention Problem | p. 122 |
The Asch Conformity Experiment | p. 123 |
The Milgram Obedience Studies | p. 124 |
Groupthink | p. 125 |
Risky Shift | p. 126 |
Formal Organizations and Bureaucracies | p. 127 |
Types of Organizations | p. 127 |
Bureaucracy | p. 129 |
Bureaucracy's Other Face | p. 130 |
Problems of Bureaucracy | p. 131 |
The McDonaldization of Society | p. 132 |
New Global Organizational Forms: The Japanese Model | p. 134 |
Diversity: Race, Gender, and Class in Organizations | p. 135 |
Functional, Conflict, and Symbolic Interaction: Theoretical Perspectives | p. 137 |
Chapter Summary | p. 138 |
Deviance | p. 141 |
Defining Deviance | p. 143 |
Sociological Perspectives on Deviance | p. 143 |
Psychological Explanations of Deviance | p. 146 |
Sociological Theories of Deviance | p. 147 |
Functionalist Theories of Deviance | p. 147 |
Conflict Theories of Deviance | p. 151 |
Symbolic Interaction Theories of Deviance | p. 153 |
Forms of Deviance | p. 156 |
Mental Illness | p. 156 |
Social Stigmas | p. 157 |
Crime and Criminal Justice | p. 157 |
Types of Crime | p. 158 |
Race, Class, Gender, and Crime | p. 159 |
The Criminal Justice System | p. 162 |
Deviance in Global Perspective | p. 166 |
Chapter Summary | p. 168 |
Social Inequality | |
Social Stratification | p. 170 |
Social Differentiation and Social Stratification | p. 172 |
Estate, Caste, and Class | p. 172 |
Defining Class | p. 173 |
Why Is There Inequality? | p. 174 |
Functionalism and Conflict Theory: The Continuing Debate | p. 175 |
The Class Structure of the United States | p. 177 |
Layers of Social Class | p. 179 |
Class Conflict | p. 180 |
The Distribution of Wealth and Income | p. 182 |
Diverse Sources of Stratification | p. 183 |
Social Mobility: Myths and Realities | p. 185 |
Defining Social Mobility | p. 186 |
The Extent of Social Mobility | p. 186 |
Class Consciousness | p. 187 |
Poverty | p. 187 |
Who Are the Poor? | p. 188 |
Causes of Poverty | p. 190 |
Welfare | p. 193 |
Chapter Summary | p. 195 |
Global Stratification | p. 198 |
Rich and Poor | p. 200 |
First, Second, and Third Worlds | p. 202 |
The Core and Periphery | p. 203 |
Race and Global Inequality | p. 203 |
Consequences of Global Stratification | p. 204 |
Population | p. 204 |
Health | p. 206 |
Education | p. 206 |
Gender | p. 207 |
Theories of Global Stratification | p. 207 |
Modernization Theory | p. 207 |
Dependency Theory | p. 209 |
World Systems Theory | p. 210 |
World Poverty | p. 212 |
Relative, Absolute, and Capability Poverty | p. 212 |
Who Are the World's Poor? | p. 212 |
Women and Children in Poverty | p. 213 |
Poverty and Hunger | p. 213 |
Causes of World Poverty | p. 215 |
The Future of Global Stratification | p. 216 |
Chapter Summary | p. 217 |
Race and Ethnicity | p. 220 |
Race and Ethnicity | p. 221 |
Ethnicity | p. 221 |
Race | p. 222 |
Minority and Dominant Groups | p. 224 |
Racial Stereotypes | p. 224 |
Stereotypes and Salience | p. 225 |
The Interplay Among Race, Gender, and Class stereotypes | p. 225 |
Prejudice, Discrimination, and Racism | p. 226 |
Prejudice | p. 226 |
Discrimination | p. 227 |
Racism | p. 228 |
Theories of Prejudice and Racism | p. 230 |
Social Psychological Theories of Prejudice | p. 230 |
Sociological Theories of Prejudice and Racism | p. 230 |
Diverse Groups, Diverse Histories | p. 231 |
Native Americans | p. 232 |
African Americans | p. 233 |
Latinos | p. 233 |
Asian Americans | p. 235 |
Middle Easterners | p. 236 |
White Ethnic Groups | p. 236 |
Patterns of Racial and Ethnic Relations | p. 238 |
Assimilation and Pluralism | p. 238 |
Colonialism | p. 239 |
Segregation and the Urban Underclass | p. 240 |
The Relative Importance of Class and Race | p. 241 |
Attaining Racial and Ethnic Equality: The Challenge | p. 242 |
Racial-Ethnic Conflict: A World Problem | p. 242 |
Civil Rights | p. 242 |
Black Power, Red Power: Radical Social Change | p. 243 |
Race-Specific Versus Color-Blind Programs for Change | p. 243 |
Chapter Summary | p. 245 |
Sex and Gender | p. 247 |
Defining Sex and Gender | p. 248 |
Sex Differences: Nature or Nurture? | p. 249 |
Sexuality and Gender | p. 250 |
The Social Construction of Gender | p. 252 |
The Formation of Gender Identity | p. 252 |
Sources of Gender Socialization | p. 253 |
The Price of Conformity | p. 254 |
Race, Gender, and Identity | p. 255 |
Gay and Lesbian Identity | p. 257 |
The Institutional Basis of Gender | p. 259 |
Gender Stratification | p. 260 |
Sexism and Patriarchy | p. 260 |
Women's Worth: Still Unequal | p. 261 |
The Persistence of Gender Segregation | p. 264 |
Gender in Global Perspective | p. 266 |
Theories of Gender | p. 268 |
The Frameworks of Sociology | p. 268 |
Feminist Theory | p. 268 |
Gender and Social Change | p. 270 |
Contemporary Attitudes | p. 270 |
The Sexual Revolution | p. 270 |
Legislative Change | p. 271 |
Chapter Summary | p. 273 |
Social Institutions | |
Families | p. 276 |
Defining the Family | p. 278 |
Comparing Kinship Systems | p. 278 |
Extended and Nuclear Families | p. 280 |
Sociological Theory and Families | p. 282 |
Functionalist Theory and the Family | p. 282 |
Conflict Theory and the Family | p. 283 |
Feminist Theory and the Family | p. 283 |
Symbolic Interaction Theory and the Family | p. 283 |
Diversity Among Contemporary American Families | p. 284 |
Female-Headed Households | p. 285 |
Married-Couple Families | p. 286 |
Stepfamilies | p. 287 |
Gay and Lesbian Households | p. 288 |
Singles | p. 289 |
Marriage and Divorce | p. 290 |
Marriage | p. 290 |
Divorce | p. 292 |
Families and Social Problems | p. 294 |
Family Violence | p. 294 |
Elder Care and Elder Abuse | p. 295 |
Teen Pregnancy | p. 296 |
Changing Families/Changing Society | p. 298 |
Global Changes in Family Life | p. 298 |
The Graying of America | p. 298 |
Families and Social Policy | p. 300 |
Chapter Summary | p. 301 |
Education and Work | p. 303 |
Schooling and Society: Theories of Education | p. 304 |
The Functionalist View of Education | p. 305 |
The Conflict View of Education | p. 306 |
The Symbolic Interactionist View of Education | p. 306 |
Does Schooling Matter? | p. 307 |
Effects of Education on Occupation and Income | p. 307 |
Effects of Social Class Background on Education and Social Mobility | p. 307 |
Education, Social Class, and Mobility Seen Globally | p. 308 |
Education and Inequality | p. 308 |
Cognitive Ability and Its Measurement | p. 309 |
Ability and Diversity | p. 309 |
The Bell Curve Debate | p. 310 |
Tracking and Labeling Effects | p. 311 |
Teacher Expectancy Effect | p. 312 |
Schooling and Gender | p. 313 |
Economy and Society | p. 314 |
The Industrial Revolution | p. 314 |
Comparing Economic Systems | p. 315 |
The Changing Global Economy | p. 316 |
Deindustrialization | p. 317 |
Technological Change | p. 317 |
Theoretical Perspectives on Work | p. 318 |
Defining Work | p. 318 |
The Division of Labor | p. 319 |
Functionalism, Conflict Theory, and Symbolic Interaction | p. 321 |
Characteristics of the Labor Force | p. 322 |
Who Works? | p. 322 |
Unemployment and Joblessness | p. 323 |
Diversity in the American Occupational System | p. 325 |
Power in the Workplace | p. 327 |
Sexual Harassment | p. 327 |
Gays and Lesbians in the Workplace | p. 328 |
Disability and Work | p. 329 |
Chapter Summary | p. 330 |
Government and Health Care | p. 333 |
Defining the State | p. 334 |
The Institutions of the State | p. 335 |
The State and Social Order | p. 335 |
Power and Authority | p. 335 |
Types of Authority | p. 336 |
The Growth of Bureaucratic Government | p. 336 |
Theories of Power | p. 338 |
The Pluralist Model | p. 338 |
The Power Elite Model | p. 339 |
The Autonomous State Model | p. 339 |
Feminist Theories of the State | p. 340 |
Government: Power and Politics in a Diverse Society | p. 340 |
Diverse Patterns of Political Participation | p. 340 |
Political Power: Who's in Charge? | p. 342 |
Women and Minorities in Government | p. 344 |
The Military | p. 344 |
Health Care in the United States | p. 347 |
Health and Sickness in America: A Picture of Diversity | p. 349 |
Race and Health Care | p. 350 |
Social Class and Health Care | p. 351 |
Gender and Health Care | p. 351 |
Attitudes Toward Health and Illness | p. 352 |
Mental Illness | p. 354 |
The Medicalization of Illness and Deviance | p. 355 |
Theoretical Perspectives on Health Care | p. 356 |
The Functionalist View of Health Care | p. 356 |
The Conflict Theory View | p. 356 |
Symbolic Interactionism and the Role of Perceptions | p. 357 |
The Health Care Crisis in America | p. 357 |
The Fee-for-Service System | p. 358 |
Malpractice | p. 359 |
Fraud and Abuse | p. 359 |
A Response to the Problem: HMOs | p. 359 |
The Universal Health Care Debate | p. 360 |
Death and Dying | p. 361 |
Chapter Summary | p. 361 |
Religion | p. 364 |
The Significance of Religion in American Society | p. 367 |
The Dominance of Christianity | p. 368 |
Measuring Religious Faith | p. 368 |
Forms of Religion | p. 369 |
Monotheism and Polytheism | p. 369 |
Patriarchal and Matriarchal Religions | p. 369 |
Sociological Theories of Religion | p. 370 |
Emile Durkheim: The Functions of Religion | p. 370 |
Max Weber: The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism | p. 371 |
Karl Marx: Religion, Social Conflict, and Oppression | p. 372 |
Globalization: World Religions and Religious Diversity | p. 372 |
Christianity | p. 373 |
Judaism | p. 375 |
Islam | p. 376 |
Hinduism | p. 376 |
Buddhism | p. 376 |
Confucianism | p. 377 |
Diversity and Religious Belief | p. 377 |
Religious Organizations | p. 378 |
Churches | p. 378 |
Sects | p. 378 |
Cults | p. 379 |
Becoming Religious | p. 379 |
Social and Political Attitudes: The Impact of Religion | p. 383 |
Racial Prejudice | p. 383 |
Homophobia | p. 384 |
Anti-Semitism | p. 384 |
Religion and Social Change | p. 384 |
Chapter Summary | p. 388 |
Social Change | |
Population, Urbanism, and the Environment | p. 391 |
Demography and the U.S. Census | p. 392 |
Diversity and the Three Basic Demographic Processes | p. 393 |
Birthrate | p. 393 |
Death Rate | p. 394 |
Migration | p. 395 |
Population Characteristics | p. 396 |
Sex Ratio and the Population Pyramid | p. 396 |
Cohorts | p. 397 |
Theories of Population Growth Locally and Globally | p. 398 |
Malthusian Theory | p. 399 |
Demographic Transition Theory | p. 400 |
The "Population Bomb" and Zero Population Growth | p. 401 |
Checking Population Growth | p. 402 |
Family Planning and Diversity | p. 403 |
Population Policy and Diversity | p. 403 |
Urbanism | p. 404 |
Urbanism as a Lifestyle | p. 404 |
Race, Class, and the Suburbs | p. 404 |
Ecology and the Environment | p. 404 |
Vanishing Resources | p. 406 |
Environmental Pollution | p. 406 |
Environmental Racism and Classism | p. 409 |
Feminism and the Environment | p. 410 |
Environmental Policy | p. 411 |
Population and Environment in the Twenty-First Century | p. 411 |
Chapter Summary | p. 412 |
Social Change and Social Movements | p. 414 |
What Is Social Change? | p. 415 |
Theories of Social Change | p. 417 |
Functionalist and Evolutionary Theories | p. 417 |
Conflict Theories | p. 419 |
Cyclical Theories | p. 420 |
Modernization Theory | p. 421 |
World Systems Theory | p. 421 |
Dependency Theory | p. 421 |
The Social Consequences of Modernization | p. 422 |
From Community to Society | p. 422 |
Mass Society and Bureaucracy | p. 423 |
Social Inequality, Powerlessness, and the Individual | p. 424 |
Sources of Social Change | p. 425 |
Cultural Diffusion | p. 425 |
Demographic Change | p. 426 |
War and Social Change | p. 427 |
Technological Innovation | p. 427 |
Collective Behavior and Social Movements | p. 427 |
The Cyberspace Revolution | p. 428 |
Collective Behavior and Social Movements | p. 428 |
Characteristics of Collective Behavior | p. 430 |
The Organization of Social Movements | p. 431 |
Origins of Social Movements | p. 432 |
Theories of Social Movements | p. 434 |
Diversity, Globalization, and Social Change | p. 435 |
Chapter Summary | p. 437 |
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