Preface | p. xvii |
Orientation | |
Introduction to Public Speaking | p. 1 |
Public Speaking Is Empowerment | p. 2 |
Public Speaking Is Audience Centered | p. 3 |
The Speaker | p. 3 |
The Speech | p. 3 |
The Channel | p. 4 |
The Audience | p. 4 |
The Context | p. 4 |
Noise | p. 6 |
Feedback | p. 6 |
Model of Public Speaking as Communication | p. 7 |
Public Speaking Challenges Speakers to Consider Audience Diversity | p. 8 |
Public Speaking Develops Critical Thinking | p. 10 |
Public Speaking Carries Ethical Responsibilities | p. 11 |
Public Speaking Is a Learned Activity | p. 13 |
Summary | p. 14 |
Preparing Your First Speech and Coping with Nervousness | p. 16 |
An Effective Speech Plan | p. 18 |
Goal | p. 18 |
Speech Material | p. 19 |
Organization | p. 20 |
Audience Adaptation | p. 22 |
Visual Aids | p. 22 |
Language | p. 23 |
Delivery | p. 23 |
Coping with Nervousness | p. 26 |
Specific Behaviors | p. 28 |
Persistent Nervousness | p. 31 |
Summary | p. 31 |
Listening Critically | p. 34 |
Attending to the Speech | p. 36 |
Understanding and Retaining Speech Information | p. 38 |
Analyzing Speeches and Determining Their Effectiveness | p. 42 |
Bases of Evaluation | p. 43 |
Specific Criteria for Evaluating Speeches | p. 43 |
The Importance of Feedback | p. 44 |
Summary | p. 46 |
Reflect on Ethics | p. 47 |
Principles | |
Selecting a Topic, Analyzing the Audience and Setting, and Determining Your Speech Goal | p. 48 |
Selecting a Topic from a Subject Area | p. 50 |
Identifying Subjects | p. 50 |
Brainstorming for Topics | p. 51 |
Analyzing the Audience | p. 53 |
Kinds of Audience Data Needed | p. 54 |
Ways of Gathering Audience Data | p. 55 |
Using Data to Predict Audience Reactions | p. 55 |
Surveying Students to Test Predictions | p. 57 |
Considering the Setting | p. 60 |
Writing the Speech Goal | p. 62 |
General Goal | p. 62 |
Specific Goal | p. 63 |
Anticipating a Thesis Statement | p. 65 |
Summary | p. 66 |
Reflect on Ethics | p. 67 |
Researching Your Speech in the Information Age | p. 68 |
Where to Look: Traditional and Electronic Sources of Information | p. 70 |
Personal Knowledge, Experience, and Observation | p. 71 |
Research | p. 72 |
The Internet | p. 79 |
Interviews | p. 82 |
What Information to Look For | p. 85 |
Factual Statements | p. 86 |
Expert Opinions | p. 86 |
Verbal Forms of Information | p. 86 |
Recording Data and Citing Written and Electronic Sources | p. 91 |
Recording Data | p. 91 |
Citing Sources in Speeches | p. 93 |
Reflect on Ethics | p. 94 |
Summary | p. 95 |
Organizing and Outlining the Speech Body | p. 96 |
Writing a Thesis Statement | p. 99 |
Outlining Main Points | p. 100 |
Write Main Points as Complete Sentences | p. 100 |
Revise Main Points | p. 102 |
Determining the Best Order | p. 104 |
Topic Order | p. 105 |
Time Order | p. 105 |
Space Order | p. 106 |
Logical Reasons Order | p. 107 |
Other Choices | p. 107 |
Selecting and Outlining Supporting Material | p. 109 |
List Supporting Material | p. 109 |
Organize Supporting Material | p. 109 |
Outlining Section Transitions | p. 112 |
Listing Sources | p. 113 |
Written Sources | p. 113 |
Electronic Databases | p. 114 |
Experience and Observation | p. 115 |
Interviews | p. 115 |
Reflect on Ethics | p. 116 |
Summary | p. 116 |
Organizing and Outlining Introductions and Conclusions | p. 118 |
Outlining the Introduction | p. 120 |
Goals of the Introduction | p. 120 |
Types of Introductions | p. 122 |
Selecting an Introduction | p. 125 |
Outlining the Conclusion | p. 126 |
Goals of the Conclusion | p. 127 |
Types of Conclusions | p. 127 |
Selecting a Conclusion | p. 128 |
Writing a Title | p. 129 |
Completing the Outline | p. 130 |
Readying Notes for Practice | p. 131 |
Reflect on Ethics | p. 135 |
Summary | p. 135 |
Adapting to Audiences | p. 136 |
Developing Common Ground | p. 138 |
Use Personal Pronouns | p. 138 |
Ask Rhetorical Questions | p. 139 |
Share Common Experiences | p. 139 |
Personalize Information | p. 139 |
Creating and Maintaining Audience Interest | p. 141 |
Timeliness | p. 141 |
Proximity | p. 141 |
Seriousness | p. 141 |
Adapting to Audience Level of Understanding | p. 142 |
Orienting Listeners | p. 142 |
Presenting New Information | p. 143 |
Building a Positive Audience Attitude toward You as the Speaker | p. 145 |
Knowledge and Expertise | p. 145 |
Trustworthiness | p. 145 |
Personality | p. 147 |
Adapting to Audience Attitude toward Your Speech Goal | p. 147 |
Forming a Plan of Audience Adaptation | p. 148 |
Specifics of the Speech Plan | p. 148 |
Examples of Speech Plans | p. 148 |
Special Problems of Speakers from Different Cultures | p. 152 |
Reflect on Ethics | p. 152 |
Summary | p. 153 |
Visual Aids: From Models to Computer Graphics | p. 154 |
Types of Visual Aids | p. 156 |
Yourself | p. 157 |
Objects | p. 157 |
Models | p. 157 |
Charts | p. 157 |
Flipcharts | p. 159 |
Graphs | p. 159 |
Pictorial Representations | p. 160 |
Projections | p. 162 |
Chalkboard or Markerboard | p. 164 |
Handouts | p. 165 |
Computer Graphics | p. 165 |
Making Choices | p. 166 |
Designing Visual Aids | p. 167 |
Using Visual Aids in Your Speech | p. 173 |
Reflect on Ethics | p. 174 |
Summary | p. 175 |
Practicing Speech Wording | p. 176 |
Developing an Oral Style to Communicate Meaning | p. 178 |
Language and Meaning | p. 179 |
The Denotative and Connotative Meaning of Words | p. 180 |
Variations in Meaning across Subgroups | p. 180 |
Speaking Clearly | p. 181 |
Use Specific, Concrete, Precise, Simple Words | p. 181 |
Eliminate Clutter | p. 184 |
Develop Your Ability to Speak More Clearly | p. 185 |
Be Sensitive to Cultural Differences | p. 186 |
Speaking Vividly | p. 188 |
Using Similes | p. 190 |
Using Metaphors | p. 190 |
Speaking Emphatically | p. 190 |
Emphasize through Placement and Sequencing | p. 191 |
Emphasize through Repetition or Restatement | p. 191 |
Emphasize through Transition | p. 192 |
Speaking Appropriately | p. 194 |
Formal versus Informal Language | p. 194 |
Freedom from Jargon and Unnecessary Technical Expressions | p. 194 |
Sensitivity in Language Use | p. 195 |
Reflect on Ethics | p. 197 |
Summary | p. 198 |
Practicing Delivery | p. 200 |
Physical Elements of Delivery | p. 202 |
Voice | p. 202 |
Articulation | p. 205 |
Bodily Action | p. 207 |
Achieving a Conversational Quality | p. 209 |
Enthusiasm | p. 209 |
Vocal Expressiveness | p. 209 |
Spontaneity | p. 210 |
Fluency | p. 211 |
Eye Contact | p. 212 |
Rehearsal | p. 213 |
Timetable for Preparation and Practice | p. 213 |
Using Notes during Your Speech | p. 214 |
Rehearsal Sessions | p. 216 |
Criteria for Evaluating Speeches | p. 218 |
Summary | p. 218 |
Sample Speech: Ridding the Body of Toxins | p. 220 |
Reflect on Ethics | p. 223 |
Informative and Persuasive Speaking | |
Principles and Practices of Informative Speaking | p. 224 |
Principles of Informing | p. 226 |
Credibility | p. 226 |
Intellectual Stimulation | p. 226 |
Creativity | p. 228 |
Relevance | p. 230 |
Emphasis | p. 231 |
Methods of Informing | p. 233 |
Exposition | p. 234 |
Sample Speech: Improving Grades | p. 235 |
Process Explanation or Demonstration | p. 239 |
Sample Speech: Process of Producing a Nightly Edition of ESPN's SportsCenter | p. 242 |
Definition | p. 246 |
Sample Speech: Impressionistic Painting | p. 249 |
Summary | p. 252 |
Reflect on Ethics | p. 253 |
Principles of Persuasive Speaking | p. 254 |
Writing a Specific Goal That Meets Ethical Standards | p. 256 |
Adapting to Audience Attitude | p. 258 |
In Favor | p. 260 |
No Opinion | p. 261 |
Opposed | p. 261 |
Giving Good Reasons and Evidence | p. 262 |
Finding Reasons | p. 263 |
Finding Evidence to Support Your Reasons | p. 264 |
Organizing Reasons to Meet Audience Attitudes | p. 265 |
Statement of Logical Reasons Pattern | p. 266 |
Problem Solution Pattern | p. 266 |
Comparative Advantages Pattern | p. 267 |
Criteria Satisfaction Pattern | p. 268 |
Motivational Pattern | p. 268 |
Using Emotion to Motivate | p. 269 |
Developing Your Credibility | p. 271 |
Presenting the Speech Convincingly | p. 272 |
Considering Gender and Cultural Differences | p. 272 |
Sample Speech: Limiting Exposure to the Sun | p. 273 |
Reflect on Ethics | p. 277 |
Summary | p. 277 |
Practicing Persuasive Speaking Skills | p. 278 |
Reasoning with Audiences | p. 280 |
Essentials of Reasoning | p. 280 |
Types of Arguments | p. 282 |
Sample Speech: Volunteering at a Soup Kitchen | p. 290 |
Motivating Audiences | p. 293 |
Incentive Theory: Cost/Reward Ratios | p. 294 |
Basic Needs Theory | p. 295 |
Sample Speech: Notes to Neighbors | p. 299 |
Refuting Persuasive Claims | p. 303 |
Outline What Your Opponent Says and Your Reaction | p. 303 |
Plan Your Procedure | p. 304 |
Organize and Present Your Refutation | p. 305 |
Supporting and Refuting: Two Sides of a Debate | p. 307 |
Speech in Favor of Prohibiting the Use of Lie Detector Tests | p. 307 |
Speech of Refutation: Using Lie Detector Tests | p. 309 |
Reflect on Ethics | p. 310 |
Summary | p. 311 |
Adapting to Other Occasions and Formats | |
Speaking at Special Occasions | p. 312 |
Introductions | p. 314 |
Presentations | p. 315 |
Acceptances | p. 316 |
Welcomings | p. 318 |
Tributes | p. 318 |
Other Ceremonial Occasions | p. 319 |
Impromptu Speeches | p. 320 |
Manuscript Speeches | p. 322 |
Reflect on Ethics | p. 323 |
Summary | p. 323 |
Leading Problem-Solving Groups | p. 324 |
Leadership in Problem-Solving Group Discussion | p. 326 |
Leadership Defined | p. 326 |
Leadership Traits | p. 326 |
Leadership Styles | p. 327 |
Leadership Preparation | p. 329 |
Gender Differences in Leader Acceptability | p. 329 |
Understanding Problem Solving | p. 330 |
State the Goal of Discussion as a Question | p. 331 |
Ask Questions That Analyze the Problem | p. 331 |
Suggest Possible Solutions | p. 331 |
Lay the Groundwork for Selecting the Best Solution | p. 332 |
Task Responsibilities of the Leader | p. 332 |
Plan the Agenda | p. 332 |
Ask Appropriate Questions | p. 333 |
Keep the Group on Track | p. 335 |
Summarize Frequently | p. 335 |
Maintenance Responsibilities of the Leader | p. 336 |
Establish a Good Working Climate | p. 336 |
Reward Members for Valuable Contributions | p. 336 |
Give Everyone an Equal Opportunity to Speak | p. 336 |
Deal with Cultural Diversity | p. 338 |
When the Group Goes Public | p. 340 |
Symposium | p. 340 |
Panel Discussion | p. 341 |
Presentation of Conclusions | p. 342 |
Reflect on Ethics | p. 342 |
Summary | p. 342 |
Sample Speeches | p. 345 |
Service: Life Beyond Self | p. 345 |
Careers in International Business: Five Ideas or Principles | p. 349 |
Other Speeches | p. 349 |
Notes | p. 357 |
Glossary | p. 363 |
Index | p. 369 |
Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved. |