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Preface | |
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Orientation | |
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Introduction to Public Speaking | |
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Public Speaking Is Empowerment | |
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Public Speaking Is Audience Centered | |
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The Speaker | |
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The Speech | |
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The Channel | |
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The Audience | |
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The Context | |
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Noise | |
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Feedback | |
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Model of Public Speaking as Communication | |
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Public Speaking Challenges Speakers to Consider Audience Diversity | |
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Public Speaking Develops Critical Thinking | |
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Public Speaking Carries Ethical Responsibilities | |
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Public Speaking Is a Learned Activity | |
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Summary | |
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Preparing Your First Speech and Coping with Nervousness | |
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An Effective Speech Plan | |
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Goal | |
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Speech Material | |
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Organization | |
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Audience Adaptation | |
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Visual Aids | |
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Language | |
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Delivery | |
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Coping with Nervousness | |
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Specific Behaviors | |
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Persistent Nervousness | |
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Summary | |
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Listening Critically | |
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Attending to the Speech | |
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Understanding and Retaining Speech Information | |
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Analyzing Speeches and Determining Their Effectiveness | |
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Bases of Evaluation | |
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Specific Criteria for Evaluating Speeches | |
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The Importance of Feedback | |
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Summary | |
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Reflect on Ethics | |
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Principles | |
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Selecting a Topic, Analyzing the Audience and Setting, and Determining Your Speech Goal | |
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Selecting a Topic from a Subject Area | |
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Identifying Subjects | |
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Brainstorming for Topics | |
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Analyzing the Audience | |
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Kinds of Audience Data Needed | |
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Ways of Gathering Audience Data | |
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Using Data to Predict Audience Reactions | |
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Surveying Students to Test Predictions | |
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Considering the Setting | |
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Writing the Speech Goal | |
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General Goal | |
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Specific Goal | |
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Anticipating a Thesis Statement | |
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Summary | |
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Reflect on Ethics | |
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Researching Your Speech in the Information Age | |
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Where to Look: Traditional and Electronic Sources of Information | |
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Personal Knowledge, Experience, and Observation | |
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Research | |
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The Internet | |
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Interviews | |
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What Information to Look For | |
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Factual Statements | |
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Expert Opinions | |
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Verbal Forms of Information | |
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Recording Data and Citing Written and Electronic Sources | |
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Recording Data | |
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Citing Sources in Speeches | |
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Reflect on Ethics | |
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Summary | |
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Organizing and Outlining the Speech Body | |
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Writing a Thesis Statement | |
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Outlining Main Points | |
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Write Main Points as Complete Sentences | |
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Revise Main Points | |
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Determining the Best Order | |
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Topic Order | |
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Time Order | |
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Space Order | |
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Logical Reasons Order | |
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Other Choices | |
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Selecting and Outlining Supporting Material | |
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List Supporting Material | |
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Organize Supporting Material | |
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Outlining Section Transitions | |
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Listing Sources | |
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Written Sources | |
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Electronic Databases | |
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Experience and Observation | |
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Interviews | |
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Reflect on Ethics | |
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Summary | |
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Organizing and Outlining Introductions and Conclusions | |
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Outlining the Introduction | |
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Goals of the Introduction | |
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Types of Introductions | |
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Selecting an Introduction | |
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Outlining the Conclusion | |
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Goals of the Conclusion | |
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Types of Conclusions | |
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Selecting a Conclusion | |
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Writing a Title | |
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Completing the Outline | |
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Readying Notes for Practice | |
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Reflect on Ethics | |
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Summary | |
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Adapting to Audiences | |
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Developing Common Ground | |
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Use Personal Pronouns | |
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Ask Rhetorical Questions | |
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Share Common Experiences | |
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Personalize Information | |
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Creating and Maintaining Audience Interest | |
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Timeliness | |
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Proximity | |
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Seriousness | |
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Adapting to Audience Level of Understanding | |
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Orienting Listeners | |
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Presenting New Information | |
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Building a Positive Audience Attitude toward You as the Speaker | |
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Knowledge and Expertise | |
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Trustworthiness | |
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Personality | |
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Adapting to Audience Attitude toward Your Speech Goal | |
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Forming a Plan of Audience Adaptation | |
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Specifics of the Speech Plan | |
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Examples of Speech Plans | |
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Special Problems of Speakers from Different Cultures | |
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Reflect on Ethics | |
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Summary | |
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Visual Aids: From Models to Computer Graphics | |
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Types of Visual Aids | |
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Yourself | |
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Objects | |
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Models | |
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Charts | |
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Flipcharts | |
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Graphs | |
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Pictorial Representations | |
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Projections | |
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Chalkboard or Markerboard | |
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Handouts | |
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Computer Graphics | |
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Making Choices | |
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Designing Visual Aids | |
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Using Visual Aids in Your Speech | |
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Reflect on Ethics | |
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Summary | |
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Practicing Speech Wording | |
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Developing an Oral Style to Communicate Meaning | |
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Language and Meaning | |
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The Denotative and Connotative Meaning of Words | |
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Variations in Meaning across Subgroups | |
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Speaking Clearly | |
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Use Specific, Concrete, Precise, Simple Words | |
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Eliminate Clutter | |
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Develop Your Ability to Speak More Clearly | |
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Be Sensitive to Cultural Differences | |
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Speaking Vividly | |
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Using Similes | |
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Using Metaphors | |
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Speaking Emphatically | |
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Emphasize through Placement and Sequencing | |
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Emphasize through Repetition or Restatement | |
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Emphasize through Transition | |
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Speaking Appropriately | |
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Formal versus Informal Language | |
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Freedom from Jargon and Unnecessary Technical Expressions | |
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Sensitivity in Language Use | |
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Reflect on Ethics | |
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Summary | |
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Practicing Delivery | |
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Physical Elements of Delivery | |
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Voice | |
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Articulation | |
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Bodily Action | |
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Achieving a Conversational Quality | |
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Enthusiasm | |
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Vocal Expressiveness | |
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Spontaneity | |
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Fluency | |
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Eye Contact | |
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Rehearsal | |
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Timetable for Preparation and Practice | |
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Using Notes during Your Speech | |
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Rehearsal Sessions | |
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Criteria for Evaluating Speeches | |
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Summary | |
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Sample Speech: Ridding the Body of Toxins | |
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Reflect on Ethics | |
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Informative and Persuasive Speaking | |
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Principles and Practices of Informative Speaking | |
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Principles of Informing | |
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Credibility | |
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Intellectual Stimulation | |
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Creativity | |
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Relevance | |
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Emphasis | |
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Methods of Informing | |
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Exposition | |
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Sample Speech: Improving Grades | |
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Process Explanation or Demonstration | |
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Sample Speech: Process of Producing a Nightly Edition of ESPN's SportsCenter | |
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Definition | |
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Sample Speech: Impressionistic Painting | |
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Summary | |
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Reflect on Ethics | |
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Principles of Persuasive Speaking | |
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Writing a Specific Goal That Meets Ethical Standards | |
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Adapting to Audience Attitude | |
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In Favor | |
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No Opinion | |
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Opposed | |
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Giving Good Reasons and Evidence | |
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Finding Reasons | |
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Finding Evidence to Support Your Reasons | |
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Organizing Reasons to Meet Audience Attitudes | |
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Statement of Logical Reasons Pattern | |
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Problem Solution Pattern | |
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Comparative Advantages Pattern | |
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Criteria Satisfaction Pattern | |
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Motivational Pattern | |
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Using Emotion to Motivate | |
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Developing Your Credibility | |
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Presenting the Speech Convincingly | |
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Considering Gender and Cultural Differences | |
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Sample Speech: Limiting Exposure to the Sun | |
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Reflect on Ethics | |
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Summary | |
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Practicing Persuasive Speaking Skills | |
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Reasoning with Audiences | |
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Essentials of Reasoning | |
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Types of Arguments | |
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Sample Speech: Volunteering at a Soup Kitchen | |
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Motivating Audiences | |
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Incentive Theory: Cost/Reward Ratios | |
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Basic Needs Theory | |
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Sample Speech: Notes to Neighbors | |
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Refuting Persuasive Claims | |
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Outline What Your Opponent Says and Your Reaction | |
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Plan Your Procedure | |
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Organize and Present Your Refutation | |
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Supporting and Refuting: Two Sides of a Debate | |
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Speech in Favor of Prohibiting the Use of Lie Detector Tests | |
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Speech of Refutation: Using Lie Detector Tests | |
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Reflect on Ethics | |
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Summary | |
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Adapting to Other Occasions and Formats | |
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Speaking at Special Occasions | |
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Introductions | |
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Presentations | |
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Acceptances | |
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Welcomings | |
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Tributes | |
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Other Ceremonial Occasions | |
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Impromptu Speeches | |
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Manuscript Speeches | |
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Reflect on Ethics | |
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Summary | |
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Leading Problem-Solving Groups | |
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Leadership in Problem-Solving Group Discussion | |
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Leadership Defined | |
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Leadership Traits | |
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Leadership Styles | |
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Leadership Preparation | |
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Gender Differences in Leader Acceptability | |
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Understanding Problem Solving | |
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State the Goal of Discussion as a Question | |
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Ask Questions That Analyze the Problem | |
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Suggest Possible Solutions | |
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Lay the Groundwork for Selecting the Best Solution | |
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Task Responsibilities of the Leader | |
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Plan the Agenda | |
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Ask Appropriate Questions | |
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Keep the Group on Track | |
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Summarize Frequently | |
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Maintenance Responsibilities of the Leader | |
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Establish a Good Working Climate | |
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Reward Members for Valuable Contributions | |
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Give Everyone an Equal Opportunity to Speak | |
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Deal with Cultural Diversity | |
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When the Group Goes Public | |
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Symposium | |
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Panel Discussion | |
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Presentation of Conclusions | |
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Reflect on Ethics | |
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Summary | |
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Sample Speeches | |
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Service: Life Beyond Self | |
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Careers in International Business: Five Ideas or Principles | |
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Other Speeches | |
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Notes | |
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Glossary | |
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Index | |