Preproduction | p. 1 |
Developing the Script | p. 2 |
The Writer's Role | p. 2 |
Script Terminology | p. 2 |
Scripting Stages | p. 3 |
Other Script Forms | p. 11 |
Computer Programs for Scriptwriting | p. 15 |
Copyright and Clearances | p. 16 |
Notes | p. 17 |
The Process of Preproduction | p. 20 |
Preproduction Planning | p. 20 |
Script Breakdown | p. 20 |
Shooting Schedule | p. 26 |
Stripboards | p. 27 |
Production Schedule | p. 27 |
The Budget | p. 28 |
Daily Call Sheets | p. 33 |
Preproduction Responsibilities | p. 35 |
Hiring Behind-the-Scenes Personnel | p. 35 |
Casting | p. 37 |
Finding Locations | p. 38 |
Designing and Building Sets | p. 38 |
Planning Costumes, Wardrobe, Makeup, and Hairstyling | p. 43 |
Preparing Props, Effects, and Supplies | p. 44 |
Acquiring and Checking Equipment | p. 44 |
Obtaining Rights | p. 45 |
Arranging Transportation, Lodging, and Meals | p. 45 |
Obtaining Insurance | p. 47 |
Notes | p. 47 |
Production | p. 49 |
The Process of Production | p. 50 |
Production Responsibilities | p. 50 |
Directing | p. 50 |
Acting | p. 52 |
Organizing and Record Keeping | p. 53 |
Lighting and Camera Operation | p. 57 |
Recording the Picture and Sound | p. 60 |
Supporting the Production | p. 60 |
The Stages of Production | p. 60 |
Setting Up | p. 61 |
Rehearsing | p. 62 |
Shooting | p. 63 |
Striking | p. 65 |
Notes | p. 65 |
Cameras and Lenses | p. 68 |
Formats | p. 68 |
Film Formats | p. 68 |
Video Formats | p. 68 |
Aspect Ratio | p. 71 |
Choosing a Film or Tape Stock | p. 73 |
The Camera | p. 74 |
Imaging Devices | p. 74 |
Color Video | p. 75 |
Evaluating Camera Performance | p. 76 |
Basic Camera Features | p. 77 |
Video Recording | p. 78 |
Video Connectors | p. 80 |
Monitoring the Recording | p. 80 |
Supporting the Camera | p. 81 |
Hand-Held Cameras | p. 82 |
Tripods | p. 82 |
Dollies | p. 82 |
Cranes | p. 83 |
Moving the Camera | p. 83 |
Lenses | p. 84 |
Focal Length | p. 84 |
Focus | p. 86 |
Aperture | p. 86 |
Depth of Field | p. 87 |
Care of Equipment | p. 88 |
Notes | p. 89 |
Approaches to Image Making | p. 92 |
Shot Determination | p. 92 |
The Basic Shots | p. 92 |
Subjective Shots | p. 93 |
Lens Selection | p. 95 |
Focal Length Characteristics | p. 95 |
Depth of Field | p. 95 |
Camera Angle | p. 96 |
Composing Within the Static Frame | p. 97 |
Manipulating the Mise-en-Scene | p. 97 |
Balance | p. 99 |
Rule of Thirds | p. 99 |
Creating Depth | p. 100 |
On-Screen/Off-Screen Space | p. 100 |
The Edge of the Frame | p. 100 |
The Moving Frame | p. 101 |
Camera Movements | p. 101 |
Zooming | p. 103 |
Reframing | p. 103 |
Time | p. 103 |
Color and Tonality | p. 104 |
Film Color | p. 104 |
Video Color | p. 104 |
Black-and-White or Color | p. 104 |
Color Considerations | p. 105 |
Shooting to Edit | p. 105 |
Shot Selection | p. 106 |
Shot Duration | p. 107 |
The Long Shot, Medium Shot, Close-Up Pattern | p. 107 |
Shooting for Continuity | p. 107 |
Notes | p. 109 |
Lights and Filters | p. 110 |
Measuring the Light | p. 110 |
Incident Meters | p. 110 |
Reflected Light Meters | p. 110 |
Automatic Metering Systems | p. 111 |
Getting Correct Exposure | p. 111 |
Problems with Automatic Metering Systems | p. 112 |
Footcandles, F-Stops, and EI | p. 112 |
Contrast Range | p. 113 |
Using a Monitor to Evaluate Exposure | p. 113 |
Using a Waveform Monitor to Evaluate Exposure | p. 114 |
The Color of Light | p. 115 |
The Electromagnetic Spectrum | p. 115 |
The Kelvin Scale | p. 116 |
Tungsten and Daylight-Balanced Light | p. 116 |
Small-Scale Color Corrections | p. 117 |
The Vectorscope | p. 117 |
Filters for Film and Video | p. 118 |
Using Filters | p. 119 |
Mounting Filters | p. 119 |
Compensating for Filters | p. 119 |
Care of Filters | p. 120 |
Artificial Lighting | p. 120 |
Types of Lamps | p. 120 |
Basic Lighting Instruments | p. 122 |
Mounting Equipment | p. 124 |
Controlling the Light | p. 125 |
Electric Power Requirements | p. 129 |
Lighting Safety | p. 131 |
Notes | p. 132 |
Lighting Approaches | p. 134 |
Lighting Styles | p. 134 |
Basic Three-Point Lighting | p. 134 |
Film Versus Video Lighting | p. 136 |
Preparing to Light | p. 137 |
Outdoor Lighting | p. 138 |
Contrast Reduction | p. 139 |
Maintaining Continuity in Changing Light | p. 140 |
Shooting at Night | p. 140 |
Adapting to Weather Conditions | p. 141 |
Indoor Lighting | p. 142 |
Shooting in Available Light and Low Light | p. 142 |
Bounce Lighting | p. 142 |
Mixed Lighting | p. 143 |
Fluorescent Lighting | p. 144 |
Lighting for Movement | p. 145 |
Variations in Lighting | p. 147 |
Notes | p. 150 |
Microphones and Recorders | p. 152 |
The Nature of Sound | p. 152 |
Pitch and Frequency | p. 152 |
Loudness and Amplitude | p. 153 |
Timbre | p. 154 |
Duration | p. 154 |
Velocity | p. 154 |
Microphones | p. 154 |
Directionality | p. 155 |
Construction | p. 157 |
Impedance | p. 158 |
Positioning | p. 158 |
Cables and Connectors | p. 159 |
Balanced and Unbalanced Cables | p. 160 |
Connector Types | p. 160 |
Recorders | p. 161 |
Double System and Single System Sound Recording | p. 162 |
Types of Recorders | p. 163 |
Recording Methods | p. 165 |
Features of Sound Recorders | p. 166 |
Care of Audio Equipment | p. 167 |
Notes | p. 168 |
Approaches to Sound Recording | p. 170 |
Elements of Microphone Pickup | p. 170 |
Presence | p. 170 |
Perspective | p. 171 |
Balance | p. 171 |
Continuity | p. 172 |
Eliminating Unwanted Noises | p. 172 |
Miking Dialogue | p. 173 |
Selecting the Mic | p. 173 |
Setting Up the Mics | p. 173 |
Special Dialogue Situations | p. 174 |
Miking Voice-Overs | p. 175 |
Miking Sound Effects | p. 175 |
Miking Ambient Sounds | p. 176 |
Miking Music | p. 177 |
Recording Techniques | p. 178 |
Notes | p. 179 |
Postproduction | p. 181 |
The Process of Postproduction | p. 182 |
Film Editing | p. 183 |
Workprints | p. 183 |
Film Editing Equipment | p. 183 |
Film Editing Stages | p. 185 |
The Role of the Laboratory in Film Postproduction | p. 187 |
Video Editing | p. 188 |
Linear and Nonlinear Editing | p. 189 |
Off-Line and On-Line Editing | p. 190 |
Postproduction Responsibilities | p. 191 |
General Overseeing | p. 192 |
Transferring Film to Video | p. 192 |
Organizing Footage | p. 193 |
Picture and Dialogue Editing | p. 197 |
Sound Building | p. 197 |
Incorporating Graphics | p. 198 |
Incorporating Elaborate Special Effects | p. 198 |
Preparing the Movie for Distribution | p. 199 |
Notes | p. 200 |
Picture and Dialogue Editing | p. 202 |
Nonlinear Editing | p. 202 |
Hardware | p. 203 |
Software | p. 204 |
Digitizing and Importing | p. 205 |
Editing | p. 207 |
Adding Graphics and Effects | p. 208 |
Outputting | p. 210 |
A Nonlinear Example | p. 212 |
Transferring Picture and Sound | p. 212 |
Off-Line Editing | p. 212 |
Lock Down and Final Cut Assembly | p. 212 |
Sound Building | p. 213 |
Layback | p. 214 |
Cuts-Only Linear Editing | p. 214 |
Control Track Editing | p. 214 |
Time Code Editing | p. 215 |
Equipment | p. 215 |
Insert and Assemble Modes | p. 217 |
More Advanced Linear Editing | p. 219 |
Equipment for Effects | p. 219 |
Equipment for Control and Measurement | p. 220 |
Equipment for Graphics | p. 221 |
Notes | p. 221 |
Editing Approaches | p. 224 |
Conventional Hollywood Patterns | p. 224 |
Editing in the Service of the Story | p. 224 |
The Continuity System | p. 226 |
The Master Shot Method | p. 226 |
Ensuring a Consistent Screen Direction | p. 232 |
Finding the Cutting Point | p. 233 |
Other Editing Concerns | p. 233 |
Other Transitions | p. 236 |
Alternatives in Time and Space | p. 237 |
Montage Editing | p. 237 |
Notes | p. 238 |
Structuring Sound | p. 240 |
Variations in Structuring Sound | p. 240 |
Magnetic Film Stock Systems | p. 240 |
Magnetic Tape Systems | p. 241 |
Computer Systems | p. 242 |
Dialogue | p. 244 |
Automatic Dialogue Replacement | p. 245 |
Voice-Over | p. 246 |
Sound Effects | p. 247 |
Foley | p. 249 |
Ambient Sounds | p. 252 |
Music | p. 252 |
Original Music | p. 252 |
Previously Composed Music | p. 255 |
Mixing | p. 256 |
Limited Mixing | p. 256 |
Professional-Level Multitrack Mixing | p. 256 |
Computer-Based Mixing | p. 259 |
Laybacks and Dubs | p. 261 |
Notes | p. 262 |
Approaches to Structuring | p. 264 |
The Evolution of Sound | p. 264 |
The Relationship of Sound to Image | p. 264 |
The Functions of Sound | p. 265 |
Supplying Information | p. 266 |
Enhancing Reality and Fantasy | p. 269 |
Establishing Time, Place, and Character | p. 270 |
Creating Mood and Emotion | p. 271 |
Giving a Sense of Rhythm | p. 272 |
Directing Attention | p. 273 |
Layering Sound | p. 274 |
Notes | p. 275 |
Glossary | p. 276 |
Suggested Readings and Web Sites | p. 288 |
Index | p. 289 |
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