Juvenile Delinquency Theory, Practice and Law

Name: Juvenile Delinquency Theory, Practice and Law
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ISBN: 9780534557287

ISBN-10: 0534557287

ISBN-13: 9780534557287

Edition: 7th 2000

Authors: Larry J. Siegel, Joseph J. Senna

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This work offers an analysis of theories of delinquency, environmental issues, juvenile justice issues and the juvenile justice system. It presents cutting-edge and seminal research, up-to-the minute policy and newsworthy examples.

Book details

List price: $102.95
Edition: 7th
Copyright year: 2000
Publisher: Wadsworth
Publication date: 7/16/1999
Binding: Hardcover
Pages: 752
Size: 8.66" wide x 11.02" long
Weight: 4.290
Language: English

Born in Brooklyn, New York, Joseph J. Senna graduated from Brooklyn College, Fordham University Graduate School Service, and Suffolk University Law School. Dr. Senna spent over fourteen years teaching law and justice courses at Northeastern University. In addition, he has served as an Assistant District Attorney, Director of Harvard Law School Prosecutorial Program, and consultant to numerous criminal justice organizations. His academic specialties include the areas of Criminal Law, Constitutional Due Process, Criminal Justice, and Juvenile Law. Dr. Senna lives with his wife and sons outside of Boston.

Preface	p. xvii
The Concept of Delinquency	p. 1
Childhood and Delinquency	p. 3
The Adolescent Dilemma	p. 6
Youth in Crisis	p. 8
Are There Reasons for Hope?	p. 9
Focus on Delinquency: Risky Business	p. 10
The Study of Juvenile Delinquency	p. 12
The Development of Childhood	p. 13
Custom and Practice in the Middle Ages	p. 14
The Development of Concern for Children	p. 15
Childhood in America	p. 18
Controlling Children	p. 18
The Concept of Delinquency	p. 19
Delinquency and Parens Patriae	p. 19
The Legal Status of Delinquency	p. 20
Legal Responsibility of Youths	p. 20
Status Offenders	p. 21
The Status Offender in the Juvenile Justice System	p. 24
Aiding the Status Offender	p. 24
Reforming Status Offense Laws	p. 25
Increasing Social Control	p. 26
Should the Courts Control Status Offenders?	p. 27
The "Dilemma" of Delinquency	p. 28
Focus on Delinquency: Youth Crime Around the World	p. 30
The Nature and Extent of Delinquency	p. 36
Official Statistics	p. 39
Crime Trends in the United States	p. 39
Measuring Official Delinquency	p. 41
Criticism of Official Data	p. 43
Focus on Delinquency: The Rise and Fall of Juvenile Crime Rates	p. 44
Self-Reported Delinquency	p. 46
Self-Report Data	p. 47
Validating Self-Reports	p. 49
Correlates of Delinquency	p. 50
Gender and Delinquency	p. 51
Racial Patterns in Delinquency	p. 52
Social Class and Delinquency	p. 55
Age and Delinquency	p. 57
Chronic Offending: Careers in Delinquency	p. 59
The Glueck Research	p. 59
The Chronic Juvenile Offender	p. 60
Stability in Crime: From Delinquent to Criminal	p. 63
Policy Implications	p. 64
Juvenile Victimization	p. 64
Victimization in the United States	p. 66
Young Victims	p. 66
The Victims and Their Criminals	p. 67
Theories of Delinquency	p. 75
Focus on the Individual: Choice and Trait Theories	p. 77
Choice Theory and Classical Criminology	p. 80
The Rational Delinquent	p. 80
Choosing Delinquent Acts	p. 81
Focus on Delinquency: Is Delinquency "Seductive"?	p. 82
Routine Activities	p. 83
Preventing Delinquency	p. 85
General Deterrence	p. 85
Specific Deterrence	p. 86
Situational Crime Prevention	p. 87
Do Delinquents Choose Crime?	p. 88
Trait Theories: Biosocial and Psychological Views	p. 90
The Origins of Trait Theory	p. 90
Contemporary Biosocial Theory	p. 92
Biochemical Factors	p. 93
Neurological Dysfunction	p. 94
Focus on Delinquency: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder	p. 96
Genetic Influences	p. 98
Evolutionary Theory	p. 100
Psychological Theories of Delinquency	p. 101
Psychodynamic Theory	p. 102
Behavioral Theory	p. 105
Cognitive Theory	p. 108
Personality and Delinquency	p. 110
Intelligence and Delinquency	p. 112
Critiquing Trait Theory Views	p. 114
Defending Trait Theory	p. 115
Trait Theory and Delinquency Prevention	p. 115
Social Structure and Delinquency	p. 125
Social Stratification	p. 129
Being Poor	p. 129
Social Structure and Delinquency	p. 130
Focus on Delinquency: Race and Poverty	p. 132
The Branches of Social Structure Theory	p. 132
Social Disorganization Theory	p. 134
The Area Studies of Shaw and McKay	p. 135
Contemporary Social Ecology	p. 138
Does Delinquency Cause Poverty?	p. 140
Strain Theory	p. 143
Merton's Theory of Anomie	p. 145
Focus on Delinquency: Crime and the American Dream	p. 146
General Strain Theory (GST)	p. 148
Cultural Deviance Theories	p. 151
Development of Subcultures	p. 152
Subcultural Values Today	p. 154
Cohen's Theory of Delinquent Subculture	p. 154
Opportunity Theory	p. 156
Social Structure Theory and Delinquency Prevention	p. 157
Social Process Theories: Learning, Control, and Developmental	p. 163
Social Processes and Delinquency	p. 166
Learning Theories	p. 167
Differential Association Theory	p. 168
Differential Reinforcement Theory	p. 173
Neutralization Theory	p. 173
Control Theories	p. 176
Self-Concept and Delinquency	p. 177
Hirschi's Control Theory	p. 178
The General Theory of Crime	p. 182
Developmental Perspectives	p. 185
Continuity of Crime	p. 186
Multiple Pathways to Delinquency	p. 189
Problem Behavior Syndrome	p. 189
Offense Specialization	p. 191
Constructing Developmental Theories	p. 191
The Social Development Model	p. 191
Policy and Practice: The Social Development Model	p. 194
Interactional Theory	p. 194
Age-Graded Theory	p. 197
Policy Implications	p. 198
Policy and Practice: Head Start	p. 200
Social Reaction Theories: Labeling and Conflict	p. 207
Labeling Theory	p. 210
Applying Labels	p. 211
Who Defines Deviance?	p. 211
The Effect of Labeling	p. 212
Primary and Secondary Deviance	p. 214
The Juvenile Justice Process and Labeling	p. 215
Policy and Practice: Prosecutor's Precharging Diversion Program	p. 216
Evaluation of Labeling Theory	p. 219
Social Conflict Theory	p. 220
The Emergence of Critical Criminology	p. 220
The Branches of Conflict Theory	p. 222
Elements of Social Conflict Theory	p. 223
The Conflict Concept of Delinquency	p. 225
Emerging Concepts of Conflict Theory	p. 226
Social Reaction Theories and Delinquency Prevention	p. 228
Restorative Justice	p. 229
Policy and Practice: Restorative Justice in Practice	p. 232
Environmental Influences on Delinquency	p. 239
Gender and Delinquency	p. 241
Gender Differences in Development	p. 244
Socialization Differences	p. 244
Cognitive Differences	p. 245
Personality Differences	p. 245
What Causes Gender Differences?	p. 245
Gender Differences and Delinquency	p. 247
Gender Patterns in Delinquency	p. 247
Violent Behavior	p. 248
Trait Views of Female Delinquency	p. 249
Biological Explanations	p. 250
Psychological Explanations	p. 251
Contemporary Trait Views	p. 251
Focus on Delinquency: The Biosocial Study of Female Delinquency	p. 252
Socialization Views	p. 257
Socialization and Delinquency	p. 257
Contemporary Socialization Views	p. 259
Liberal Feminist Views	p. 260
Sisters in Crime	p. 261
Support for Liberal Feminism	p. 262
Critiques of Liberal Feminism	p. 262
Is Convergence Possible?	p. 263
Radical Feminist Views	p. 263
Crime and Patriarchy	p. 264
Power-Control Theory	p. 264
Gender and the Juvenile Justice System	p. 265
Focus on Delinquency: Guardians of Virtue	p. 266
Are Standards Changing?	p. 267
The Family and Delinquency: Makeup, Influence, and Abuse	p. 273
The Changing American Family	p. 276
Family Makeup	p. 276
Child Care	p. 276
Economic Stress	p. 277
The Effects of Child Neglect and Abuse	p. 277
The Family's Influence on Delinquency	p. 277
Focus on Delinquency: Do Parents Control Behavior?	p. 278
Family Breakup: Broken Homes	p. 279
Family Conflict	p. 282
The Quality of Parent-Child Relations	p. 284
Parental Deviance	p. 286
Child Abuse and Neglect	p. 287
Historical Foundation	p. 287
Defining Abuse and Neglect	p. 288
Sexual Abuse	p. 290
The Extent of Child Abuse	p. 291
Focus on Delinquency: Juvenile Prostitution	p. 291
The Causes of Child Abuse and Neglect	p. 295
Focus on Delinquency: Women Who Have Killed Their Children	p. 297
The Child Protection System: Philosophy and Practice	p. 299
The Abused Child in Court	p. 302
Disposition of Abuse and Neglect Cases	p. 306
Abuse, Neglect, and Delinquency	p. 306
The Abuse-Delinquency Link	p. 308
The Family and Delinquency Prevention	p. 309
Early Childhood Intervention	p. 309
Improving Parenting Skills	p. 310
Peers and Delinquency: Juvenile Gangs and Groups	p. 317
Adolescent Peer Relations	p. 319
Peer Relations and Delinquency	p. 320
Youth Gangs	p. 321
What Are Gangs?	p. 322
Near Groups and Youth Groups	p. 324
The Study of Juvenile Gangs and Groups	p. 324
Why Did Gang Activity Increase?	p. 326
Contemporary Gangs	p. 327
Extent	p. 327
Types	p. 328
Location	p. 329
Age	p. 332
Gender	p. 333
Formation	p. 335
Leadership	p. 335
Communications	p. 336
Criminality	p. 338
Ethnic and Racial Composition	p. 340
Focus on Delinquency: Barrio Gangs	p. 342
Why Do Youths Join Gangs?	p. 345
Anthropological View	p. 345
Social Disorganization/Sociocultural View	p. 346
Psychological View	p. 347
Rational Choice View	p. 348
Controlling Gang Activity	p. 349
Law Enforcement Efforts	p. 349
Policy and Practice: Boston's Youth Violence Strike Force	p. 351
Community Control Efforts	p. 351
Why Gang Control Is Difficult	p. 352
Policy and Practice: School-Based Gang Resistance Programs	p. 353
Schools and Delinquency	p. 358
The School in Modern American Society	p. 360
Socialization and Status	p. 361
Education in Crisis	p. 362
Academic Performance and Delinquency	p. 362
School Failure and Delinquency	p. 364
The Causes of School Failure	p. 364
Dropping Out	p. 368
Delinquency within the School	p. 370
Focus on Delinquency: Bullying in School	p. 376
Who Commits School Crime?	p. 378
Reducing School Crime	p. 378
The Role of the School in Delinquency Prevention	p. 382
Legal Rights within the School	p. 384
Compulsory School Attendance	p. 385
Policy and Practice: Keeping Children in School	p. 386
Free Speech	p. 388
School Discipline	p. 390
Privacy	p. 391
Drug Use and Delinquency	p. 395
Substances of Abuse	p. 397
Marijuana and Hashish	p. 398
Cocaine	p. 398
Heroin	p. 399
Alcohol	p. 399
Anesthetics	p. 400
Inhalants	p. 400
Sedatives and Barbiturates	p. 401
Tranquilizers	p. 401
Hallucinogens	p. 401
Stimulants	p. 401
Steroids	p. 402
Cigarettes	p. 402
Drug Use Today	p. 402
Drug Use Surveys	p. 403
ISR Survey	p. 404
PRIDE Survey	p. 404
Why Has Teenage Drug Use Fluctuated?	p. 405
Are the Survey Results Accurate?	p. 407
Why Do Youths Take Drugs?	p. 408
Social Disorganization	p. 408
Peer Pressure	p. 408
Family Factors	p. 409
Genetic Factors	p. 410
Emotional Problems	p. 410
Problem Behavior Syndrome	p. 411
Gateway Drugs	p. 411
Rational Choice	p. 412
Adolescents Who Use Drugs	p. 413
Adolescents Who Distribute Small Amounts of Drugs	p. 413
Adolescents Who Frequently Sell Drugs	p. 413
Teenage Drug Dealers Who Commit Other Delinquent Acts	p. 414
Drug-Involved Gangs	p. 414
Losers and Burnouts	p. 415
Persistent Offenders	p. 416
Drug Use and Delinquency	p. 416
Drugs and Chronic Offending	p. 417
Explaining Drug Use and Delinquency	p. 417
Drug Control Strategies	p. 418
Law Enforcement Efforts	p. 419
Education Strategies	p. 420
Community Strategies	p. 420
Policy and Practice: Drug Abuse Resistance Education	p. 421
Treatment Strategies	p. 421
Policy and Practice: Helping Families Prevent Teenage Drug Use	p. 423
Juvenile Justice Advocacy	p. 429
The History and Development of Juvenile Justice	p. 431
The Development of Juvenile Justice in the Nineteenth Century	p. 434
Urbanization	p. 435
The Child-Saving Movement	p. 435
Were They Really Child Savers?	p. 437
The Development of Juvenile Institutions	p. 438
Juvenile Law in Review: Legal Challenges to the Child Savers	p. 440
A Century of Juvenile Justice	p. 441
The Illinois Juvenile Court Act and Its Legacy	p. 443
Reforming the System	p. 445
The Role of the Supreme Court in Juvenile Law	p. 446
The Contemporary Juvenile Justice System	p. 450
The Juvenile Justice Process	p. 450
Focus on Delinquency: The Juvenile Justice System: Key Players, Programs, and Costs	p. 454
Criminal Justice versus Juvenile Justice	p. 456
The Future of Juvenile Justice	p. 459
A Comprehensive Juvenile Justice Strategy	p. 459
Focus on Delinquency: Similarities and Differences between Juvenile and Adult Justice Systems	p. 460
Federal Funding for Juvenile Justice	p. 462
Policy and Practice: The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974--Twenty-Five Years Later	p. 464
Controlling Juvenile Offenders	p. 469
Police Work with Juveniles	p. 471
The Police and Juvenile Offenders	p. 474
Police Roles	p. 475
The Police and Violent Juvenile Crime	p. 476
The History and Organization of Juvenile Policing	p. 477
The History of Policing Juveniles	p. 478
Organization of Police Services for Juveniles	p. 479
Police and the Rule of Law	p. 480
The Arrest Procedure	p. 480
Search and Seizure	p. 481
Policy and Practice: Balanced and Restorative Justice for Juveniles	p. 482
Juvenile Law in Review: New Jersey v. T.L.O. (1984)	p. 484
Juvenile Law in Review: Vernonia School District 47J v. Wayne and Judy Acton, Guardians ad Litem for James Acton (1995)	p. 486
Custodial Interrogation	p. 488
Discretionary Justice	p. 489
Environmental Factors	p. 491
Situational Factors	p. 493
Bias and Police Discretion	p. 493
Focus on Delinquency: Race, Gender, and Ethnicity in Juvenile Police Decision Making	p. 495
Limiting Police Discretion	p. 498
Police Work and Delinquency Prevention	p. 498
Policy and Practice: Promising Delinquency Prevention Programs in Law Enforcement	p. 500
Community Policing in the Millennium	p. 502
Pretrial Procedures	p. 507
The Concept of Detention	p. 510
National Detention Trends	p. 510
The Decision to Detain	p. 513
New Approaches to Detention	p. 514
Detention in Adult Jails	p. 515
Policy and Practice: Reforming the Juvenile Detention System	p. 516
Deinstitutionalization of Status Offenders	p. 518
Deinstitutionalization: A National Project	p. 518
The Intake Process	p. 520
Diversion	p. 522
Issues in Diversion: Widening the Net	p. 523
The Petition and Pretrial Release	p. 524
Bail for Children	p. 525
Preventive Detention	p. 527
The Plea and Plea Bargaining	p. 527
Juvenile Law in Review: Schall v. Martin	p. 528
Focus on Delinquency: Pleading Guilty in Juvenile Court	p. 530
Transfer to the Adult Court	p. 530
Due Process in Transfer Proceedings	p. 531
Juvenile Law in Review: Kent v. United States and Breed v. Jones	p. 532
Youths in Adult Court	p. 534
Debating the Waiver Concept	p. 536
Case in Point	p. 540
Summary	p. 540
Focus on Delinquency: Transferring Serious Juvenile Offenders to Adult Court	p. 541
The Juvenile Trial and Disposition	p. 546
The Juvenile Court and Its Jurisdiction	p. 550
Age	p. 551
Policy and Practice: The Juvenile Drug Court Movement	p. 552
Delinquency	p. 553
Focus on Delinquency: Juvenile Delinquency in the Federal Judicial System	p. 554
Status Offenders	p. 555
Juvenile Courtroom Players	p. 556
The Prosecutor in the Juvenile Court	p. 557
The Juvenile Court Judge	p. 558
The Defense Attorney	p. 560
Adjudication	p. 564
Constitutional Rights at Trial	p. 566
Juvenile Law in Review: In re Gault	p. 568
Juvenile Law in Review: In re Winship and McKeiver v. Pennsylvania	p. 569
Disposition	p. 572
The Predisposition Report	p. 573
Juvenile Court Dispositions	p. 575
The Child's Right to Appeal	p. 575
Case in Point	p. 576
Juvenile Sentencing Structures	p. 577
Determinate versus Indeterminate Sentencing	p. 578
Evaluating Tough Sentencing Laws	p. 579
The Future of Juvenile Sentencing and Serious Crime	p. 579
Policy and Practice: Myth or Reality: The Juvenile Court System Is a Failure	p. 581
Juvenile Law in Review: United States v. Lopez (1995)	p. 582
The Death Penalty for Juveniles	p. 584
Confidentiality in Juvenile Proceedings	p. 585
Open versus Closed Hearings	p. 585
Focus on Delinquency: Juvenile Death Penalty	p. 586
Privacy of Juvenile Records	p. 587
Juvenile Corrections	p. 593
Juvenile Probation and Community Treatment	p. 595
Juvenile Probation	p. 598
The Nature of Probation	p. 598
Historical Development	p. 599
Organization and Administration of Probation	p. 600
Duties of Juvenile Probation Officers	p. 601
Probation Innovations	p. 605
Juvenile Intensive Probation Supervision	p. 605
Policy and Practice: Wayne County Intensive Probation Program	p. 606
Electronic Monitoring	p. 606
Wilderness Probation	p. 608
Balanced Probation	p. 609
Restitution	p. 610
Does Restitution Work?	p. 611
Policy and Practice: Restitution in Utah	p. 612
Community-Based Programs	p. 613
Encouraging Community Corrections	p. 615
Residential Community Treatment	p. 617
Nonresidential Community Treatment	p. 619
Pros and Cons of Community Treatment	p. 619
Policy and Practice: Three Model Nonresidential Programs	p. 620
Policy and Practice: A Case Study in Juvenile Justice Reform	p. 622
Institutions for Juveniles	p. 626
The History of Juvenile Institutions	p. 630
Twentieth-Century Developments	p. 630
Juvenile Institutions Today: Public and Private	p. 632
Trends in Juvenile Corrections	p. 634
The Institutionized Juvenile	p. 635
Personal Characteristics	p. 637
Institutional Adjustment	p. 638
Culture of the Female Offender	p. 639
Policy and Practice: Disproportionate Minority Confinement	p. 640
Correctional Treatment for Juveniles	p. 642
Focus on Delinquency: Here's a Program that Really Works	p. 643
Individual Treatment Techniques: Past and Present	p. 643
Group Treatment Techniques	p. 644
Educational, Vocational, and Recreational Programs	p. 645
Treating Chronic and Violent Delinquents	p. 647
Specialized Programs for Chronic Offenders	p. 647
Juvenile Boot Camps	p. 648
Policy and Practice: Juvenile Rehabilitation Stategies: Wilderness Programs	p. 650
Policy and Practice: About Face: A Juvenile Boot Camp Program	p. 652
The Legal Right to Treatment	p. 653
Struggle for Basic Civil Rights	p. 655
Juvenile Aftercare	p. 656
Focus on Delinquency: Alexander v. Boyd, and South Carolina Department of Juvenile Justice (1995)	p. 657
Supervision	p. 658
Aftercare Revocation Procedures	p. 660
Concluding Notes: American Delinquency	p. 665
Glossary
Appendix
Table of Cases
Name Index
Subject Index
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