| |
| |
| Preface | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Problems in Writing a History of Psychology | |
| |
| |
| Why Study the History of Psychology? | |
| |
| |
| What Is Science? | |
| |
| |
| Revisions in the Traditional View of Science | |
| |
| |
| Is Psychology a Science? | |
| |
| |
| Persistent Questions in Psychology | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| Suggestions for Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| Glossary | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Early Greek Philosophers | |
| |
| |
| The World of Precivilized Humans | |
| |
| |
| Early Greek Religion | |
| |
| |
| The First Philosophers | |
| |
| |
| Early Greek Medicine | |
| |
| |
| The Relativity of Truth | |
| |
| |
| Plato | |
| |
| |
| Aristotle | |
| |
| |
| The Importance of Early Greek Philosophy | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| Suggestions for Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| Glossary | |
| |
| |
| |
| After Aristotle: A Search for the Good Life | |
| |
| |
| Skepticism and Cynicism | |
| |
| |
| Epicureanism and Stoicism | |
| |
| |
| Neoplatonism | |
| |
| |
| Emphasis on Spirit | |
| |
| |
| The Dark Ages | |
| |
| |
| The Arabic and Jewish Influences | |
| |
| |
| Reconciliation of Christian Faith and Reason | |
| |
| |
| Scholasticism | |
| |
| |
| William of Occam: A Turning Point | |
| |
| |
| The Spirit of the Times Before the Renaissance | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| Suggestions for Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| Glossary | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Beginnings of Modern Science and Philosophy | |
| |
| |
| Renaissance Humanism | |
| |
| |
| Further Challenges to Church Authority | |
| |
| |
| Ptolemy, Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo | |
| |
| |
| Isaac Newton | |
| |
| |
| Francis Bacon | |
| |
| |
| Rene Descartes | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| Suggestions for Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| Glossary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Empiricism, Sensationalism, and Positivism | |
| |
| |
| British Empiricism | |
| |
| |
| French Sensationalism | |
| |
| |
| Positivism | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| Suggestions for Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| Glossary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Rationalism | |
| |
| |
| Baruch Spinoza | |
| |
| |
| Nicolas de Malebranche | |
| |
| |
| Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz | |
| |
| |
| Thomas Reid | |
| |
| |
| Immanuel Kant | |
| |
| |
| Johann Friedrich Herbart | |
| |
| |
| Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| Suggestions for Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| Glossary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Romanticism and Existentialism | |
| |
| |
| Romanticism | |
| |
| |
| Existentialism | |
| |
| |
| Kierkegaard and Nietzsche | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| Suggestions for Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| Glossary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Early Developments in Physiology and the Rise of Experimental Psychology | |
| |
| |
| Individual Differences | |
| |
| |
| Discrepancy Between Objective and Subjective Reality | |
| |
| |
| Bell-Magendie Law | |
| |
| |
| Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies | |
| |
| |
| Hermann von Helmholtz | |
| |
| |
| Ewald Hering | |
| |
| |
| Christine Ladd-Franklin | |
| |
| |
| Early Research on Brain Functioning | |
| |
| |
| The Rise of Experimental Psychology | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| Suggestions for Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| Glossary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Voluntarism, Structuralism, and Other Early Approaches to Psychology | |
| |
| |
| Voluntarism | |
| |
| |
| Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt | |
| |
| |
| Volkerpsychologie | |
| |
| |
| Edward Bradford Tichener | |
| |
| |
| Other Early Approaches to Psychology | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| Suggestions for Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| Glossary | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Darwinian Influence and the Rise of Mental Testing | |
| |
| |
| Evolutionary Theory Before Darwin | |
| |
| |
| Charles Darwin | |
| |
| |
| Sir Francis Galton | |
| |
| |
| Intelligence Testing After Galton | |
| |
| |
| The Binet-Simon Scale in the United States | |
| |
| |
| Intelligence Testing in the Army | |
| |
| |
| The Deterioration of National Intelligence | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| Suggestions for Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| Glossary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Functionalism | |
| |
| |
| Early U.S. Psychology | |
| |
| |
| Characteristics of Functionalistic Psychology | |
| |
| |
| William James | |
| |
| |
| Hugo Munsterberg | |
| |
| |
| Granville Stanley Hall | |
| |
| |
| Francis Cecil Sumner | |
| |
| |
| Functionalism at the University of Chicago | |
| |
| |
| Functionalism at Columbia University | |
| |
| |
| The Fate of Functionalism | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| Suggestions for Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| Glossary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Behaviorism | |
| |
| |
| The Background of Behaviorism | |
| |
| |
| Russian Objective Psychology | |
| |
| |
| John B. Watson and Behaviorism | |
| |
| |
| William McDougall: Another Type of Behaviorism | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| Suggestions for Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| Glossary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Neobehaviorism | |
| |
| |
| Positivism | |
| |
| |
| Logical Positivism | |
| |
| |
| Operationism | |
| |
| |
| Physicalism | |
| |
| |
| Neobehaviorism | |
| |
| |
| Edward Chace Tolman | |
| |
| |
| Clark Leonard Hull | |
| |
| |
| Edwin Ray Guthrie | |
| |
| |
| B. F. Skinner | |
| |
| |
| Behaviorism Today | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| Suggestions for Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| Glossary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Gestalt Psychology | |
| |
| |
| Antecedents of Gestalt Psychology | |
| |
| |
| The Founding of Gestalt Psychology | |
| |
| |
| Isomorphism and the Law of Pragnanz | |
| |
| |
| Perceptual Constancies | |
| |
| |
| Perceptual Gestalten | |
| |
| |
| Subjective and Objective Reality | |
| |
| |
| The Gestalt Explanation of Learning | |
| |
| |
| Productive Thinking | |
| |
| |
| Memory | |
| |
| |
| Lewin's Field Theory | |
| |
| |
| The Impact of Gestalt Psychology | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| Suggestions for Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| Glossary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Early Diagnosis, Explanation, and Treatment of Mental Illness | |
| |
| |
| What Is Mental Illness? | |
| |
| |
| Early Explanations of Mental Illness | |
| |
| |
| Early Approaches to the Treatment of Mental Illness | |
| |
| |
| Gradual Improvement in the Treatment of Mental Illness | |
| |
| |
| The Tension Between the Psychological and Medical Models of Mental Illness | |
| |
| |
| The Use of Hypnotism | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| Suggestions for Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| Glossary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Psychoanalysis | |
| |
| |
| Antecedents of the Development of Psychoanalysis | |
| |
| |
| Sigmund Freud | |
| |
| |
| Early Influences on the Development of Psychoanalysis | |
| |
| |
| Studies on Hysteria | |
| |
| |
| Freud's Self-Analysis | |
| |
| |
| The Psychopathology of Everyday Life | |
| |
| |
| Freud's Trip to the United States | |
| |
| |
| A Review of the Basic Components of Freud's Theory of Personality | |
| |
| |
| Freud's View of Human Nature | |
| |
| |
| Freud's Fate | |
| |
| |
| Revisions of the Freudian Legend | |
| |
| |
| Evaluation of Freud's Theory | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| Suggestions for Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| Glossary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Early Alternatives to Psychoanalysis | |
| |
| |
| Anna Freud | |
| |
| |
| Carl Jung | |
| |
| |
| Alfred Adler | |
| |
| |
| Karen Horney | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| Suggestions for Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| Glossary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Humanistic (Third-Force) Psychology | |
| |
| |
| The Mind, the Body, and the Spirit | |
| |
| |
| Antecedents of Third-Force Psychology | |
| |
| |
| Phenomenology | |
| |
| |
| Existential Psychology | |
| |
| |
| Humanistic Psychology | |
| |
| |
| Comparison of Existential and Humanistic Psychology | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| Suggestions for Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| Glossary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Psychobiology | |
| |
| |
| Karl S. Lashley | |
| |
| |
| Donald O. Hebb | |
| |
| |
| Roger W. Sperry | |
| |
| |
| Behavioral Genetics | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| Suggestions for Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| Glossary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cognitive Psychology | |
| |
| |
| Developments Before 1950 | |
| |
| |
| Developments During the 1950s | |
| |
| |
| Developments After the 1950s | |
| |
| |
| Artificial Intelligence | |
| |
| |
| Information-Processing Psychology | |
| |
| |
| New Connectionism | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| Suggestions for Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| Glossary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Contemporary Psychology | |
| |
| |
| The Diversity of Contemporary Psychology | |
| |
| |
| The Tension Between Pure, Scientific and Applied Psychology | |
| |
| |
| Psychology's Status as a Science | |
| |
| |
| Postmodernism | |
| |
| |
| Is There Anything New in Psychology? | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| Suggestions for Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| Glossary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Significant Individuals and Events in the History of Psychology | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Credits | |
| |
| |
| Name Index | |
| |
| |
| Subject Index | |