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Preface | |
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Disaster Mental Health Theory | |
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Introduction | |
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The Purpose of This Book | |
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Defining Disaster | |
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Disasters and Mental Health | |
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Describing Those Impacted | |
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Who Is Most at Risk From Disasters? | |
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The Mission of Disaster Mental Health | |
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Practice Differences in Disaster Mental Health | |
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So, What Is It That We Do? | |
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Characteristics of a Disaster Mental Health Worker | |
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Rewards of Disaster Work | |
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The Structure of This Book: Theory and Practice | |
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References | |
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The Characteristics of Disaster | |
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No Two Disasters Are Alike | |
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Stages of Disaster | |
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Scope, Intensity, and Duration | |
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Natural Versus Human-Caused Disaster | |
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Natural Disasters | |
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Natural Disasters With and Without Warning | |
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How Natural Are Natural Disasters? | |
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Human-Caused Disasters | |
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Toxic Waste and Nuclear Accidents | |
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Terrorism and Weapons of Mass Destruction | |
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Hoaxes, Rumors, and Panics | |
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The Importance of Accurate Information | |
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References | |
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A History of Disaster Mental Health | |
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Converging Trends in the Development of Disaster Mental Health | |
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The Concept of Trauma | |
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Railway Spine, Hysteria, and Dissociation | |
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Freudian Concepts of Trauma | |
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Trauma and War | |
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The Legitimization of Trauma | |
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The Diagnostic Nomenclature and Trauma | |
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The Link Between Trauma and Disasters | |
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Stress and Trauma | |
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Wellness and Humanistic Psychology | |
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Crisis Intervention in the Community | |
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The Role of Emergency Management | |
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Humanitarian Relief Groups | |
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The American Red Cross and Disaster Mental Health | |
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Supporting First Responders | |
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Disaster Mental Health Today | |
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References | |
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Reactions and Risk Factors | |
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Physiological Responses to Disaster | |
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Normative Reactions to Disaster Exposure | |
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Stages of Disaster Reactions | |
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Before and During Impact | |
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After Disaster: Emotional Changes Over Time | |
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Proximity to Impact | |
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The Impact of Loss and Grief | |
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Specific Issues in Disaster Loss | |
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Characteristics of Bereavement | |
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A Double Blow: Bereaved Survivors | |
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Loss, Guilt, and Shame | |
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Collective Responses to Disaster | |
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Individual Risk and Resilience | |
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When Resilience Fails | |
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Existential Reactions to Disaster | |
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Rebuilding the Self After Disaster | |
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References | |
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Extreme Reactions | |
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Trauma Studies and Disaster Mental Health | |
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Posttraumatic Stress Disorder | |
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Diagnosing Posttraumatic Stress Disorder | |
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Physical Underpinnings of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder | |
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Core and Related PTSD Symptoms | |
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Memory and Trauma | |
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Models of Memory and Trauma | |
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Traumatic Memory Failures: Amnesia and Dissociation | |
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Dissociation and Acute Stress Disorder | |
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Complicated Grief | |
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Diagnosing Complicated Grief | |
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Complicated Grief and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Comparison | |
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Complicated Grief Risk Factors | |
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Comorbid Disorders Following Disaster Exposure | |
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A Final Word: Extreme Reactions and the Disaster Mental Health Practitioner | |
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References | |
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Vulnerable Populations | |
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Defining Vulnerability | |
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Traumatic Stress and Children and Adolescents | |
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Diagnosing Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Other Disorders in Children | |
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Expression of Symptoms: A Developmental Perspective | |
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Disaster Trauma and Development | |
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Trauma in the Formative Years | |
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Which Children Are Most at Risk? | |
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Parental Psychology and the Recovery Environment | |
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Key Principles in Helping Children | |
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The Elderly in Disasters | |
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Who Are the Elderly? | |
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Logistical Issues Faced by the Elderly | |
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Relocation Trauma | |
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Psychological Issues Among the Elderly | |
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Strengths of Older Disaster Survivors | |
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Key Principles in Helping the Elderly | |
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People With Serious Mental Illness | |
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People With Physical Disabilities | |
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Conclusions About Vulnerable Populations | |
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References | |
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Disaster Mental Health Practice | |
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The Challenges of Counseling in Chaos | |
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Is Disaster Mental Health Right for You Now? | |
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Training to Respond | |
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Training Drills | |
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Responding to Disasters | |
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Small or Local Disasters | |
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Large or National Disasters | |
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On-Scene Hierarchies | |
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Spiritual Care in Disaster Response | |
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Other Organizations Active in Disaster | |
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Government Agencies | |
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Volunteer Organizations | |
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Settings for Disaster Mental Health Work | |
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General Settings | |
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Red Cross-Specific Response Settings | |
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Some Practical Considerations | |
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Disasters' Impact on Counselors | |
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Self-Care During the Event | |
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Transitioning Home From a Disaster Assignment | |
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Afterthoughts | |
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References | |
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Psychological First Aid | |
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A Visible Supportive Presence | |
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Defining Psychological First Aid | |
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History and Rationale | |
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Theoretical Roots: Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow | |
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Goals and Components of Psychological First Aid | |
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Psychological First Aid Attitudes | |
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Psychological First Aid Actions | |
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A Case Study: Psychological First Aid on the Phone | |
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Who Can Provide Psychological First Aid? | |
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Is Psychological First Aid Effective? | |
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References | |
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Early Interventions Beyond Psychological First Aid | |
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Assessment | |
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Triage | |
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Screening | |
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Psychoeducation | |
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Psychoeducation on Normal Reactions to Stress | |
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Providing Stress Management Skills | |
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Providing Coping Skills Training | |
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Psychoeducation on Loss and Grief | |
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Educating Parents to Help Children | |
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Helping Survivors Cope With the Media | |
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Is Psychoeducation Effective? | |
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Monitoring and Controlling Rumor | |
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Conflict Mediation and Resolution | |
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Preventing Conflict | |
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Working With and Mediating Conflict | |
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Correcting Distorted Self-Cognitions | |
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Making Referrals for Follow-Up Treatment | |
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Some Cautions About Early Intervention | |
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References | |
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Debriefing and the Impact of Disaster Trauma on First Responders | |
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Background of the Debriefing Debate | |
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A History of Debriefing | |
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Critical Incident Stress Debriefing: The "Mitchell Model" | |
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Components of Critical Incident Stress Management | |
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Components of Critical Incident Stress Debriefing | |
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Other Psychological Debriefing Models | |
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Debriefing's Theoretical Context | |
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Crisis Intervention | |
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Psychoeducation | |
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Critical Questions About Debriefing | |
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Possible Drawbacks, Possible Benefits | |
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First Responders and Disaster Trauma | |
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Emergency Workers as Public Figures | |
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Mourning in Public | |
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Critical Incident Stress Management and First Responders | |
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Disasters and Debriefing | |
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References | |
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Long-Term Treatment: Continuity of Care | |
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Long-Term Needs of the Traumatized Patient | |
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Psychodynamic Approaches | |
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Cognitive-Behavioral Approaches | |
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Family Systems Approaches | |
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Family Therapy and Disaster | |
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Assisting a Family With Loss | |
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Group Therapy Approaches | |
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Pharmacotherapy | |
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Evidence-Based Practice for Long-Term Treatment of Disaster Survivors | |
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The Impact on the Therapist and the Need for Self-Care | |
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References | |
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New Directions in Disaster Mental Health | |
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Preparing Communities | |
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Preparing Providers | |
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Preparing the Public | |
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New Challenges: Preparing an International Response | |
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Responding When the Disaster Is Ongoing | |
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Backlash Against Disaster Mental Health Services | |
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Ethics | |
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Competence | |
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Competence Working With Human Differences | |
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Personal Problems and Conflicts | |
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Informed Consent | |
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Maintaining Confidentiality and Discussing the Limits of Confidentiality | |
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Multiple Relationships | |
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Advocacy | |
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Research and Informed Practice | |
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A Final Note on New Directions | |
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References | |
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A Sample Common Reactions Document | |
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Internet Resources for Helping Children Cope With Disaster | |
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Treatment Goals for a Cognitive-Behavioral Group Therapy for Adults and Children Following an Air Disaster | |
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Disaster Mental Health-Relevant Articles From the American Psychological Association Ethics Code | |
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Resource List for Disaster Mental Health Helpers | |
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Index | |