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| Preface | |
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| Research and Criminal Justice | |
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| Research in Everyday Life | |
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| Criminal Investigation and Scientific Research | |
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| Basic and Applied Research | |
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| Quantitative and Qualitative Research | |
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| Evaluation Research | |
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| Prediction Research | |
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| In-House, Hired-Hand, and Third-Party Research | |
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| Research in Criminal Justice: An Illustration | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Notes | |
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| Perspectives and Research | |
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| What Is a Perspective? | |
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| Different Kinds of Language | |
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| Principles of a Scientific Perspective | |
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| Empiricism | |
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| Objectivity | |
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| Tentativeness | |
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| Skepticism | |
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| Ethical Neutrality | |
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| Parsimony | |
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| Determinism | |
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| Publication | |
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| Replication | |
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| Social Science as Science | |
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| An Example of a Social Science Perspective: Symbolic Interactionism | |
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| Other Perspectives in Criminal Justice Studies | |
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| Theory | |
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| Scope | |
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| Integration | |
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| Verification | |
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| Relationships Among Theory, Research, and Methodology | |
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| Research Ethics | |
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| Anonymity and Confidentiality | |
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| Risk and Voluntary Informed Consent | |
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| Deception in Research | |
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| Sharing Results and Benefits with Research Participants | |
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| Research Ethics and Other Standards of Fairness | |
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| Responsibility to Scientific Community | |
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| Current Critiques of the Scientific Perspective | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Notes | |
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| An Introduction to Research Methodology and Design | |
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| Choosing a Research Topic | |
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| Identifying Units of Analysis | |
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| Defining Concepts and Variables | |
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| Types of Definitions | |
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| Variables | |
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| Validity, Reliability, and Precision in Categorizations and Measurements | |
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| Validity | |
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| Reliability | |
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| Precision | |
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| Choosing a Research Design | |
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| Exploratory Research | |
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| Descriptive Research | |
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| Explanatory Research | |
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| Internal and External Threats to the Validity of Research Results | |
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| Triangulation | |
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| A Final Note About the Research Process | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Notes | |
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| Sampling | |
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| Probability Sampling | |
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| Random Sampling | |
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| Stratified Random Sampling and Proportionate Sampling | |
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| Disproportionate Sampling | |
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| Systematic Sampling | |
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| Cluster Sampling | |
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| Multistage Sampling | |
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| Nonprobability Sampling | |
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| Sample Size | |
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| Determining the Population to Be Sampled | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Notes | |
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| Research Tools and Techniques: Survey Research Through Questionnaires and Interviews | |
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| Questionnaires | |
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| Types of Questions | |
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| Constructing Questionnaires | |
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| Pretesting Questionnaires | |
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| Precoding Questionnaires | |
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| A Sample Questionnaire | |
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| Increasing Response Rates | |
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| Interviews | |
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| Telephone Surveys | |
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| Internet Surveys | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Notes | |
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| Research Tools and Techniques: Document Research, Physical Evidence, Observation, and Experimentation | |
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| Document Research | |
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| Content Analysis | |
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| Observation | |
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| Recording and Coding | |
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| Accuracy of Observations | |
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| Physical Evidence | |
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| Experiments | |
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| Entering the Field | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Notes | |
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| An Introduction to Descriptive Statistics | |
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| Measurement and Scales | |
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| Continuous and Discrete Variables | |
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| Levels of Measurement | |
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| Describing the Data | |
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| Raw Numbers | |
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| Percentages | |
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| Rates | |
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| Frequency Distributions | |
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| Measures of Central Tendency | |
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| The Mean | |
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| The Median | |
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| The Mode | |
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| Selecting Measures of Central Tendency | |
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| Measures of Dispersion | |
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| Range | |
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| Average Deviation | |
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| Standard Deviation | |
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| Indicators of Location in a Distribution | |
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| Distributions: Symmetrical and Otherwise | |
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| Unimodal and Multimodal Distributions | |
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| The Normal Distribution and Standard Scores | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Notes | |
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| Descriptive Statistics: Examining Relationships Between Two or More Variables Through Cross-Tabulation | |
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| Comparing Frequency Distributions | |
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| Fundamentals of Cross-Tabulation | |
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| Constructing a Cross-Tabulation | |
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| Collapsing Categories | |
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| Using Percentages in Cross-Tabulation | |
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| Elaboration Analysis | |
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| Explanation | |
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| Interpretation | |
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| Specification | |
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| No Apparent Relationship in the Zero-Order Table | |
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| Some Examples of Elaboration Analysis | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Notes | |
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| Descriptive Statistics: Measuring Relationships Between Two or More Variables Through Regression and Correlation Analysis | |
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| Scattergrams | |
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| Linear and Nonlinear Relationships | |
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| Regression Analysis | |
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| Correlation Analysis | |
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| Multiple and Partial Correlation | |
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| Correlation and Cross-Tabulation | |
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| Diagonals | |
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| Other Statistical Measures of Association | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Notes | |
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| An Introduction to Inferential Statistics and Parameter Estimation | |
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| Determining Probabilities Empirically and Mathematically | |
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| Sampling Distributions and Sampling Error | |
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| The Binomial Distribution | |
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| Sampling Distributions for Other Sample Statistics | |
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| A Few Words About Nonparametric Statistics | |
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| Point and Interval Estimation | |
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| Confidence Intervals and Confidence Limits | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Note | |
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| Inferential Statistics: Hypothesis Testing | |
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| Testing Hypotheses | |
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| Type I and Type II Error | |
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| Significance Level | |
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| One- and Two-Tailed Tests | |
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| Difference Between Means Test (Student's t) | |
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| Analysis of Variance (One Way) | |
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| Assessing Relationships Between Variables in Tables | |
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| Chi Square | |
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| Significance Tests for the Correlation Coefficient | |
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| Some Final Cautions | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Notes | |
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| Common Errors in Presenting and Interpreting Research Findings | |
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| The Trappings of Science | |
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| Scientific Costumes and Props | |
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| Quoting or Relying on Authorities | |
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| Using Technical Vocabulary | |
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| The Many Uses and Misuses of Number | |
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| Graphs: Their Uses and Misuses | |
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| Bar Graphs | |
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| Pie Graphs | |
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| Pictographs | |
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| Hazards in Interpreting Graphs | |
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| Correlation and Causation | |
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| Hypothesis Testing and Probabilities | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Note | |
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| Preparing and Reading Research Reports | |
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| The Title | |
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| Acknowledging Sources of Support | |
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| The Abstract | |
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| The Introduction | |
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| The Literature Review | |
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| Initiating the Literature Review | |
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| Completing the Literature Review | |
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| Referencing | |
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| Methods | |
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| Presentation and Analysis of Data | |
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| The Conclusion | |
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| The Bibliography or List of References | |
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| Appendices | |
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| A Final Note on Research Reports | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Note | |
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| Computers in Criminal Justice Research | |
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| Components of the Computer | |
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| Preparing Data for Computer Analysis | |
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| Current Computer Applications in Criminal Justice | |
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| Limitations of Computers | |
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| The Internet and Scientific Research | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Notes | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Table of Random Numbers | |
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| Areas Under the Normal Curve | |
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| Student's t Distributions Table | |
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| F Distribution Tables | |
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| Chi Square Table | |
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| Excerpts from the Code of Ethics of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Index | |