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| Psychology and the Law: Impossible Choices | |
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| The Importance of Laws | |
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| Laws as Human Creations | |
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| Laws and the Resolution of Conflict | |
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| The Changing of Laws | |
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| The Psychological Study of Law | |
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| Basic Choices in the Psychological Study of the Law | |
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| The First Dilemma: Rights of Individuals versus the Common Good | |
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| Values in Conflict | |
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| Two Models of the Criminal Justice System | |
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| The Second Dilemma: Equality versus Discretion | |
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| The Third Dilemma: To Discover the Truth or to Resolve Conflicts | |
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| Truth versus Conflict Resolution in Plea Bargaining and Settlement Negotiation | |
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| The Fourth Dilemma: Science versus the Law as a Source of Decisions | |
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| Law Is Doctrinal; Psychology Is Empirical | |
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| Law Functions by the Case Method; Psychology, by the Experimental Method | |
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| Law Deals with Absolutes; Psychology Deals with Probabilities | |
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| Law Supports Contrasting Views of Reality; Psychology Seeks to Clarify One Muddled View of Reality | |
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| Psychologists' Relationship to the Law | |
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| The Psychologist as a Basic Scientist of the Law | |
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| The Psychologist as an Applied Scientist in the Law | |
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| The Psychologist as a Policy Evaluator in the Law | |
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| The Psychologist as an Advocate in the Law | |
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| Ethical Considerations in Each Role | |
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| The Ethics of the Applied Scientist/Expert Witness | |
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| The Ethics of the Policy Evaluator | |
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| The Ethics of the Advocate | |
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| Legality versus Morality | |
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| Citizens' Sense of Morality and Legality | |
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| What Is Justice? | |
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| Distributive and Procedural Justice | |
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| Commonsense Justice: Everyday Intuitions about Fairness | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| The Legal System and Its Players | |
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| The Adversarial System | |
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| Courts | |
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| "Problem-Solving Courts" | |
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| Drug Courts | |
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| Mental Health, Homeless, and Family Courts | |
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| Criticisms of Problem-Solving Courts | |
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| Judges | |
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| How Are Judges Selected? | |
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| Alternative Dispute Resolution | |
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| Arbitration | |
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| Summary Jury Trial | |
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| Mediation | |
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| Lawyers | |
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| What Kind of Work Do Lawyers Do? | |
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| Law Schools and Legal Education | |
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| Women in Law School and the Legal Profession | |
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| Minorities in Law School and the Legal Profession | |
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| Trends in Lawyering | |
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| Lawyers and Ethics | |
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| Criticisms of Lawyers | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Psychology of Crime | |
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| Theories of Crime as Explanations of Criminal Behavior | |
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| Sociological Theories of Crime | |
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| Structural Explanations | |
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| Subcultural Explanations | |
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| Biological Theories of Crime | |
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| Psychological Theories of Crime | |
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| Psychoanalytic Theories of Crime | |
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| Criminal Thinking Patterns | |
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| Personality Defect as an Explanation of Criminality | |
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| Social-Psychological Theories of Crime | |
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| Control Theories | |
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| Learning Theories | |
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| The Social Labeling Perspective | |
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| Integration of Theories of Crime | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Psychology of Police | |
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| Selection of Police Officers | |
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| The Interview | |
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| Situational Tests | |
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| Psychological Tests | |
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| The Validity of Police Screening | |
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| Fitness-for-Duty Evaluations | |
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| Training of Police Officers | |
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| Training in Crisis Intervention | |
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| Interactions with Mentally Ill Citizens | |
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| Domestic Disturbances | |
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| Hostage Negotiation | |
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| The Police Officer's Job | |
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| Stress and the Police | |
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| Is There a Police Personality? | |
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| Police-Community Relations | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Crime Investigation: Witnesses | |
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| Examples of Mistaken Eyewitness Identification | |
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| Points at Which a Mistaken Eyewitness Identification Can Occur | |
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| Basic Information Processing: Perception and Memory | |
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| Perception | |
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| Memory | |
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| Distinguishing System and Estimator Variables | |
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| Assessing the Impact of Estimator Variables on Eyewitness Accuracy | |
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| Controlling the Impact of System Variables on Eyewitness Accuracy | |
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| Recommendations for Reforming Identification Procedures | |
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| Instructions to the Eyewitness | |
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| Selection of Fillers | |
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| Lineup Presentation Method | |
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| The Influence of Feedback | |
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| Use of Hypnosis with Eyewitnesses | |
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| What Is Hypnosis? | |
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| Effects of Hypnosis on Memory: Memory Aid or Altered Memory? | |
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| Legal Status of Hypnosis | |
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| The Eyewitness in the Courtroom | |
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| Safeguards against Mistaken Identification | |
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| Evaluating the Effectiveness of Cross-Examination | |
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| Evaluating the Testimony of Psychologists | |
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| Evaluating the Effectiveness of Cautionary Jury Instructions | |
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| Repressed and Recovered Memories | |
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| Repressed Memories and Memory Recovery Therapy | |
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| Creating Pseudomemories | |
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| False Memories in Court | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Identification and Evaluation of Criminal Suspects | |
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| Profiling of Criminal Suspects | |
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| Classifying Mass Murderers | |
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| Steps Involved in Criminal Profiling | |
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| The Validity of Criminal Profiles | |
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| "Lie Detection" via the Polygraph | |
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| Emergence of the Polygraph | |
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| Validity of Polygraph Procedures | |
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| Other "Lie Detection" Methods | |
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| Admissibility of Polygraph Records | |
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| Use of Confessions | |
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| Historical Background and Current Legal Standing | |
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| Whittling Away at Miranda | |
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| The Validity of Confession Evidence | |
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| Inside the Interrogation Room: Common Interrogation Techniques and the Likelihood of False Confessions | |
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| Inside the Courtroom: How Jurors Evaluate Confession Evidence | |
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| Reforming the System to Prevent False Confessions | |
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| Entrapment | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Between Arrest and Trial | |
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| Steps between Arrest and Trial | |
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| The Initial Appearance | |
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| The Preliminary Hearing | |
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| The Grand Jury | |
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| Arraignment | |
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| Discovery and Pretrial Motions | |
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| The Decision to Set Bail | |
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| The Purposes of Bail | |
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| What Considerations Affect the Decision to Set Bail? | |
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| Can High-Risk Defendants Be Identified? | |
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| Does Pretrial Release Affect Trial Outcome? | |
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| Plea Bargaining | |
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| Evaluations of Plea Bargaining | |
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| Ethical Issues in Plea Bargaining | |
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| Pretrial Publicity | |
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| Conflicting Rights | |
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| Court Decisions on Pretrial Publicity | |
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| Effects of Pretrial Publicity | |
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| Remedies for the Effects of Pretrial Publicity | |
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| Change-of-Venue Surveys | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Forensic Assessment in Criminal Cases: Competence and Insanity | |
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| The Scope of Forensic Psychology | |
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| Competence | |
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| Adjudicative Competence | |
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| Raising the Issue of Competence | |
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| Evaluating Competence | |
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| Results of Competence Evaluations | |
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| Amnesia and Competence to Stand Trial | |
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| Competent with Medication, Incompetent Without | |
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| Other Competence Issues | |
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| The Insanity Defense | |
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| Rationale for the Insanity Defense | |
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| The M'Naghten Rule: An Early Attempt to Define Insanity | |
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| The Brawner Rule, Stemming from the Model Penal Code | |
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| Famous Trials and the Use of the Insanity Plea | |
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| Facts about the Insanity Plea | |
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| Current Criticisms of the Insanity Defense | |
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| Revisions and Reforms of the Insanity Defense | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Forensic Assessment in Civil Cases | |
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| Experts in the Adversarial System | |
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| Psychological Damages to Civil Plaintiffs | |
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| Workers' Compensation | |
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| Civil Competencies | |
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| Assessing Competence to Make Treatment Decisions | |
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| Assessing Competence to Execute a Will | |
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| Psychological Autopsies | |
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| Child Custody and Parental Fitness | |
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| Civil Commitment and Risk Assessment | |
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| Four Types of Commitment Procedures | |
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| Dangerousness and Risk Assessment | |
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| Difficulties in Assessing Dangerousness | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| The Trial Process | |
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| What Is the Purpose of a Trial? | |
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| The Trial as a Search for the Truth | |
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| The Trial as a Test of Credibility | |
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| The Trial as a Conflict-Resolving Ritual | |
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| Steps in the Trial Process | |
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| Preliminary Actions | |
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| Jury Selection | |
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| The Trial | |
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| Sentencing | |
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| The Appellate Process | |
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| Judges' Decisions versus Juries' Decisions | |
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| Determinants of Discrepancies | |
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| Jury Sentiments | |
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| A Critique of the Kalven and Zeisel Study | |
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| A New Look at Judge/Jury Differences | |
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| Jury Nullification | |
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| Empirical Evidence Concerning Jury Nullification | |
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| Jury Nullification and Racial Considerations | |
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| Some Final Thoughts on Jury Nullification | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Jury Trials I: Jury Representativeness and Selection | |
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| The O. J. Simpson Criminal Trial as an Illustration of Jury Selection | |
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| Drawing a Panel, or Venire | |
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| Did the Jury Selection "Work"? | |
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| General Problems in Forming a Jury Panel | |
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| Judicial and Legislative Reforms | |
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| Devices Used for Drawing a Pool | |
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| Exclusions, Nonresponses, and Exemptions: Threats to Representativeness? | |
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| Voir Dire: A Reasonable Process with Unreasonable Outcomes? | |
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| Challenges for Cause and Peremptory Challenges | |
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| The Batson Decision: No Exclusion on Account of Race | |
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| Peremptory Challenges and Other Juror Characteristics | |
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| Lawyers' Theories: Stereotypes in Search of Success | |
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| Demographic Characteristics of Jurors | |
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| Personality Characteristics of Jurors | |
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| "Scientific Jury Selection": Does It Work Any Better? | |
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| Lawyers, Psychologists, and Ethics: Problems with Jury Selection | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Jury Trials II: Concerns and Reforms | |
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| The Concern That Juries May Not Be Competent | |
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| Concern about the Effects of Extralegal Information | |
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| Impact of Extralegal Information in Criminal Cases | |
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| Impact of Extralegal Information in Civil Cases | |
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| Instructions to Disregard Inadmissible Evidence: How Effective? | |
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| Concern about the Effects of Expert Testimony | |
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| Concern about Jurors' Abilities to Understand and Apply Their Instructions | |
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| Concern about Jurors' Abilities to Decide Complex Cases | |
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| The Concern That Juries May Be Biased | |
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| The Assumption of a Blank Slate | |
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| Inevitability of Juror Bias | |
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| Jurors' Inferences and the Stories They Tell | |
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| Jury Reform | |
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| The Jury: Should It Be Venerated or Vilified? Revered or Reviled? | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Psychology of Victims | |
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| Perception of Victims | |
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| Types of Victims | |
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| Victims of Violent Crime | |
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| Is Violence Inherited? | |
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| Violent Victimization and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder | |
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| Battered Spouses | |
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| The Psychology of Rape | |
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| Responding to Rape Victims | |
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| Legislation and Court Decisions | |
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| Preventing Rape | |
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| Detecting the Rapist | |
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| Sexual Harassment | |
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| Prevalence Rapes | |
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| Defining Sexual Harassment | |
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| Applying Psychological Knowledge to Detecting Harassment | |
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| Offenders as Victims | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Children, Adolescents, and the Law | |
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| Juvenile Offenders | |
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| The Juvenile Justice System | |
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| Juveniles' Due Process Rights | |
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| Sanctioning Juvenile Offenders: The Death Penalty for Teens? | |
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| The Miranda Capacities of Juvenile Defendants | |
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| The Adjudicative Competence of Juveniles | |
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| Children as Victims | |
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| Child Maltreatment, the Cycle of Abuse, and Abuse Prevention | |
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| Children as Witnesses | |
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| The Reliability of Children's Eyewitness Memories | |
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| Children as Witnesses in Child Sexual Abuse Cases | |
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| The Effects of Suggestive Questioning | |
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| Is Suggestive Questioning Necessary? | |
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| The Child Witness in the Courtroom | |
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| Procedural Modifications When Children Are Witnesses | |
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| Juveniles' Right to Self-determination | |
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| Children in Nontraditional Families | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Punishment, Sentencing, and Corrections | |
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| Crime Control and the Purposes of Punishment | |
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| Sentencing: Difficult Choices | |
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| Discretion Justified as a Value | |
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| Sentencing Disparity and the Quest for Equal Treatment | |
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| Determinants of Sentencing: Relevant and Irrelevant | |
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| The Sentencing Process | |
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| The Sentencing Hearing | |
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| What Predicts the Sentence? | |
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| The Sentencing of Sex Offenders | |
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| Registration and Notification | |
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| Involuntary Commitment | |
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| Sex Offender Treatments | |
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| The Death Penalty: The Ultimate Punishment | |
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| The Question of Innocence | |
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| Justifications for the Death Penalty | |
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| Equality versus Discretion in Application of the Death Penalty | |
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| Capital Jury Decision Making | |
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| Mental Retardation | |
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| Voluntary Executions | |
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| Psychologists' Role in Capital Cases | |
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| The Rights of Prisoners | |
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| Due Process Rights | |
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| Cruel and Unusual Punishment | |
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| Rights to Free Communication | |
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| Religious Rights | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Glossary | |
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| References | |
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| Credits | |
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| Name Index | |
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| Subject Index | |