Biological Psychology

Name: Biological Psychology
Price: 5.7 USD
Availability: InStock
ISBN: 9780534514006

ISBN-10: 0534514006

ISBN-13: 9780534514006

Edition: 7th 2001

Authors: James W. Kalat

List price: $119.95

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This # 1 best selling text in the market, used at over 1000 colleges and universities, examines the relationship between biological factors (mostly brain activity) and behavior, and shows students what biology has to do with psychology. Kalat communicates the excitement of biopsychology as a dynamic and empirical field in which fascinating new discoveries are being made constantly. As he captures and engages readers' interest, Kalat reveals how aspects of brain activity such as neurotransmission and neuroanatomy relate to "real" psychological topics such as language and learning, sexual behavior, anxiety, aggressive behavior, depression, and schizophrenia. Now thoroughly revised throughout…

Book details

List price: $119.95
Edition: 7th
Copyright year: 2001
Publisher: Wadsworth
Publication date: 8/7/2000
Binding: Hardcover
Pages: 551
Size: 8.66" wide x 10.63" long
Weight: 1.496
Language: English

James W. Kalat is Professor Emeritus of Psychology at North Carolina State University, where he taught courses in introduction to psychology and biological psychology from 1977 through 2012. He received an AB degree summa cum laude from Duke University and a PhD in psychology from the University of Pennsylvania. He is also the author of INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY (10th Edition) and co-author with Michelle Shiota of EMOTION (2nd Edition). In addition to textbooks, he has written journal articles on taste-aversion learning, the teaching of psychology, and other topics. He was twice the program chair for the annual convention of the American Psychological Society, now named the Association for… Psychological Science.

The Major Issues	p. 1
The Mind-Brain Relationship	p. 2
Biological Explanations of Behavior	p. 3
The Brain and Conscious Experience	p. 5
In Closing: The Biology of Experience	p. 7
Nature and Nurture	p. 9
The Genetics of Behavior	p. 9
Mendelian Genetics	p. 9
Heritability	p. 11
How Genes Affect Behavior	p. 12
The Evolution of Behavior	p. 13
Common Misunderstandings About Evolution	p. 13
Sociobiology	p. 16
In Closing: Genes and Behavior	p. 17
The Use of Animals in Research	p. 19
Reasons for Animal Research	p. 19
The Ethical Debate	p. 19
In Closing: Humans and Animals	p. 22
Prospects for Further Study	p. 24
Terms	p. 25
Suggestions for Further Reading	p. 25
Web Sites to Explore	p. 25
Active Learner Link	p. 26
Nerve Cells and Nerve Impulses	p. 29
The Cells of the Nervous System	p. 30
Neurons and Glia	p. 30
The Structures of an Animal Cell	p. 30
Santiago Ramon y Cajal	p. 31
The Structure of a Neuron	p. 32
Variations Among Neurons	p. 34
Glia	p. 35
The Blood-Brain Barrier	p. 36
Why We Need a Blood-Brain Barrier	p. 36
How the Blood-Brain Barrier Works	p. 37
The Nourishment of Vertebrate Neurons	p. 37
In Closing: Neurons	p. 38
The Nerve Impulse	p. 39
The Resting Potential of the Neuron	p. 39
The Forces Behind the Resting Potential	p. 40
Why a Resting Potential?	p. 41
The Action Potential	p. 42
The Molecular Basis of the Action Potential	p. 42
The All-or-None Law	p. 44
The Refractory Period	p. 44
Propagation of the Action Potential	p. 44
The Myelin Sheath and Saltatory Conduction	p. 45
Signaling Without Action Potentials	p. 46
On the Growth of Neurons and the Growth of Misconceptions	p. 47
In Closing: Neural Messages	p. 47
Terms	p. 48
Suggestions for Further Reading	p. 49
Web Sites to Explore	p. 49
Active Learner Link	p. 49
Communication Within the Body: Synapses and Hormones	p. 51
The Concept of the Synapse	p. 52
The Properties of Synapses	p. 52
Speed of a Reflex and Delayed Transmission at the Synapse	p. 52
Temporal Summation	p. 52
Spatial Summation	p. 54
Inhibitory Synapses	p. 54
Relationship Among EPSP, IPSP, and Action Potential	p. 56
In Closing: The Neuron as Decision Maker	p. 56
Chemical Events at the Synapse	p. 58
The Discovery That Most Synaptic Transmission Is Chemical	p. 58
The Sequence of Chemical Events at a Synapse	p. 59
Types of Neurotransmitters	p. 59
Synthesis of Transmitters	p. 60
Transport of Transmitters	p. 61
Release and Diffusion of Transmitters	p. 62
Activation of Receptors of the Postsynaptic Cell	p. 62
Inactivation and Reuptake of Neurotransmitters	p. 65
In Closing: Neurotransmitters and Behavior	p. 66
Synapses, Abused Drugs, and Behavior	p. 68
How Drugs Affect Synapses	p. 68
Synapses, Reinforcement, and Drug Use	p. 69
Electrical Self-Stimulation of the Brain	p. 69
Effects of Stimulant Drugs on Dopamine Synapses	p. 70
PET Scans	p. 72
Nicotine	p. 72
Opiates	p. 72
PCP	p. 73
Marijuana	p. 74
Hallucinogenic Drugs	p. 74
Caffeine	p. 74
Alcohol	p. 75
Synapses, Reinforcement, and Personality	p. 75
In Closing: Drugs and Behavior	p. 76
Hormones and Behavior	p. 78
Mechanisms of Hormone Actions	p. 78
Control of Hormone Release	p. 81
In Closing: Hormones and the Nervous System	p. 83
Terms	p. 84
Suggestions for Further Reading	p. 84
Web Sites to Explore	p. 85
Active Learner Link	p. 85
Anatomy of the Nervous System	p. 87
The Divisions of the Vertebrate Nervous System	p. 88
Some Terminology	p. 88
The Spinal Cord	p. 89
The Autonomic Nervous System	p. 91
Gooseflesh	p. 93
The Hindbrain	p. 93
The Midbrain	p. 95
The Forebrain	p. 96
Thalamus	p. 96
Hypothalamus	p. 97
Pituitary Gland	p. 97
Basal Ganglia	p. 97
Basal Forebrain	p. 99
Hippocampus	p. 99
The Ventricles	p. 99
In Closing: Structures of the Nervous System	p. 100
The Cerebral Cortex	p. 102
Organization of the Cerebral Cortex	p. 102
The Occipital Lobe	p. 103
The Parietal Lobe	p. 103
The Temporal Lobe	p. 105
The Rise and Fall of Prefrontal Lobotomies	p. 106
The Frontal Lobe	p. 106
How Do the Pieces Work Together?	p. 107
Does the Brain Operate as a Whole or as
A Collection of Parts?	p. 108
The Binding Problem	p. 108
In Closing: Functions of the Cerebral Cortex	p. 111
Terms	p. 112
Suggestions for Further Reading	p. 113
Web Sites to Explore	p. 113
Active Learner Link	p. 113
Development and Plasticity of the Brain	p. 115
Development of the Brain	p. 116
Growth and Differentiation of the Vertebrate Brain	p. 116
Growth and Development of Neurons	p. 117
Determinants of Neuron Survival	p. 118
Pathfinding by Axons	p. 120
Chemical Pathfinding by Axons	p. 120
Competition Among Axons as a General Principle	p. 122
Fine-Tuning by Experience	p. 122
Effects of Experience on Dendritic Branching	p. 123
Magnetoencephalography (MEG)	p. 124
Generation of New Neurons	p. 124
Effects of Experience on Human Brain Structures	p. 125
Combinations of Chemical and Experiential Effects	p. 126
Proportional Growth of Brain Areas	p. 126
MRI Scans	p. 128
The Vulnerable Developing Brain	p. 128
Attention-Deficit Disorder: Mixed Abnormalities of Brain Development	p. 129
In Closing: Brain Development	p. 130
Recovery of Function After Brain Damage	p. 132
Causes of Human Brain Damage	p. 132
Why Don't Woodpeckers Get Concussions?	p. 133
Adjustments and Potential Recovery After Brain Damage	p. 135
Learned Adjustments in Behavior	p. 135
Lesions	p. 136
Diaschisis	p. 136
The Regrowth of Axons	p. 137
Sprouting	p. 138
Denervation Supersensitivity	p. 138
Autoradiography	p. 139
Reorganized Sensory Representations and the Phantom Limb	p. 140
Histochemistry	p. 142
Effects of Age	p. 143
Therapies	p. 145
Behavioral Interventions	p. 145
Drugs	p. 146
Brain Grafts	p. 146
In Closing: Brain Damage and Recovery	p. 146
Terms	p. 148
Suggestions for Further Reading	p. 148
Web Sites to Explore	p. 148
Active Learner Link	p. 148
Vision	p. 151
Visual Coding and the Retinal Receptors	p. 152
Reception, Transduction, and Coding	p. 152
From Neuronal Activity to Perception	p. 152
General Principles of Sensory Coding	p. 153
The Eye and Its Connections to the Brain	p. 153
The Fovea	p. 153
The Route Within the Retina	p. 155
Visual Receptors: Rods and Cones	p. 156
Color Vision	p. 157
The Trichromatic (Young-Helmholtz) Theory	p. 158
The Opponent-Process Theory	p. 159
The Retinex Theory	p. 159
Color Vision Deficiency	p. 161
In Closing: Visual Receptors	p. 161
The Neural Basis of Visual Perception	p. 163
An Overview of the Mammalian Visual System	p. 163
Mechanisms of Processing in the Visual System	p. 163
Receptive Fields	p. 163
Lateral Inhibition	p. 166
Concurrent Pathways in the Visual System	p. 167
In the Retina and Lateral Geniculate	p. 168
In the Cerebral Cortex	p. 168
The Cerebral Cortex: The Shape Pathway	p. 170
Hubel and Wiesel's Cell Types in the Primary Visual Cortex	p. 170
Microelectrode Recordings	p. 171
The Columnar Organization of the Visual Cortex	p. 171
Are Visual Cortex Cells Feature Detectors?	p. 172
Shape Analysis Beyond Areas V1 and V2	p. 173
Disorders of Object Recognition	p. 174
fMRI Scans	p. 175
The Cerebral Cortex: The Color Pathway	p. 176
The Cerebral Cortex: The Motion and Depth Pathways	p. 176
Structures Important for Motion Perception	p. 176
Motion Blindness	p. 177
Visual Attention	p. 177
The Binding Problem Revisited: Visual Consciousness	p. 178
Suppressed Vision During Eye Movements	p. 179
In Closing: Coordinating Separate Visual Pathways	p. 179
Development of the Visual System	p. 181
Infant Vision	p. 181
Effects of Experience on Visual Development	p. 181
Effects of Early Lack of Stimulation of One Eye	p. 182
Effects of Early Lack of Stimulation of Both Eyes	p. 182
Restoration of Response After Early Deprivation of Vision	p. 183
Uncorrelated Stimulation in Both Eyes	p. 184
Early Exposure to a Limited Array of Patterns	p. 184
Lack of Seeing Objects in Motion	p. 185
Effects of Blindness on the Cortex	p. 185
In Closing: Developing Vision	p. 186
Terms	p. 187
Suggestions for Further Reading	p. 187
Web Sites to Explore	p. 187
Active Learner Link	p. 188
The Nonvisual Sensory Systems	p. 191
Audition	p. 192
Sound and the Ear	p. 192
Physical and Psychological Dimensions of Sound	p. 192
Structures of the Ear	p. 192
Pitch Perception	p. 194
Frequency Theory and Place Theory	p. 194
Pitch Perception in the Cerebral Cortex	p. 196
Hearing Loss	p. 197
Localization of Sounds	p. 198
In Closing: Functions of Hearing	p. 199
The Mechanical Senses	p. 201
Vestibular Sensation	p. 201
Somatosensation	p. 201
Somatosensory Receptors	p. 201
Input to the Spinal Cord and the Brain	p. 202
Tickle	p. 203
Pain	p. 204
Pain Neurons and Their Neurotransmitters	p. 205
Headaches	p. 206
Pain and the Brain	p. 206
Events That Limit Pain	p. 207
Stimuli That Produce Analgesia	p. 208
The Pros and Cons of Morphine Analgesia	p. 208
Sensitization of Pain	p. 209
In Closing: The Mechanical Senses	p. 210
The Chemical Senses	p. 211
General Issues About Chemical Coding	p. 211
Taste	p. 212
Taste Receptors	p. 212
How Many Kinds of Taste Receptors?	p. 213
Mechanisms of Taste Receptors	p. 213
Individual Differences in Taste	p. 213
Miracle Berries and the Modification of Taste Receptors	p. 214
How Do We Perceive Tastes?	p. 214
Taste Coding in the Brain	p. 214
Olfaction	p. 215
Olfactory Receptors	p. 216
Behavioral Methods of Identifying Olfactory Receptors	p. 217
Biochemical Identification of Receptor Types	p. 217
Implications for Coding	p. 217
Vomeronasal Sensation and Pheromones	p. 218
In Closing: Different Senses as Different Ways of Knowing the World	p. 219
Terms	p. 220
Suggestions for Further Reading	p. 221
Web Sites to Explore	p. 221
Active Learner Link	p. 221
Movement	p. 223
The Control of Movement	p. 224
Muscles and Their Movements	p. 224
Fast and Slow Muscles	p. 226
Muscle Control by Proprioceptors	p. 226
Units of Movement	p. 228
Voluntary and Involuntary Movements	p. 228
Movements with Different Sensitivity to Feedback	p. 228
Infant Reflexes	p. 229
Sequences of Behaviors	p. 229
In Closing: Categories of Movement	p. 230
Brain Mechanisms of Movement	p. 231
The Role of the Cerebral Cortex	p. 231
Areas Near the Primary Motor Cortex	p. 232
Connections from the Brain to the Spinal Cord	p. 235
The Role of the Cerebellum	p. 237
Evidence of a Broad Role	p. 237
Cellular Organization	p. 238
The Role of the Basal Ganglia	p. 240
In Closing: Possibilities for the Future	p. 241
Disorders of Movement	p. 242
Parkinson's Disease	p. 242
Possible Causes	p. 243
L-Dopa Treatment	p. 244
Therapies Other Than L-Dopa	p. 245
Huntington's Disease	p. 246
Heredity and Presymptomatic Testing	p. 247
In Closing: Heredity and Environment in Movement Disorders	p. 248
Terms	p. 250
Suggestions for Further Reading	p. 250
Web Sites to Explore	p. 250
Active Learner Link	p. 251
Rhythms of Wakefulness and Sleep	p. 253
Rhythms of Waking and Sleeping	p. 254
Endogenous Cycles	p. 254
Setting and Resetting the Cycle	p. 255
Duration of the Human Circadian Rhythm	p. 255
Resetting the Biological Clock	p. 256
Jet Lag	p. 256
Shift Work	p. 257
The Mechanisms of the Biological Clock	p. 257
The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)	p. 257
How Light Resets the SCN	p. 257
Melatonin	p. 259
In Closing: Sleep-Wake Cycles	p. 259
Stages of Sleep and Brain Mechanisms	p. 261
The Stages of Sleep	p. 261
Electroencephalography (EEG)	p. 262
Paradoxical or REM Sleep	p. 262
Brain Mechanisms of Wakefulness and Arousal	p. 264
Brain Structures of Arousal	p. 264
Getting to Sleep	p. 265
Brain Function in REM Sleep	p. 267
Abnormalities of Sleep	p. 268
Insomnia	p. 268
Sleep Apnea	p. 269
Narcolepsy	p. 270
Periodic Limb Movement Disorder	p. 270
REM Behavior Disorder	p. 270
Night Terrors, Sleep Talking, or Sleepwalking	p. 271
In Closing: Stages of Sleep	p. 271
Why Sleep? Why REM? Why Dreams?	p. 273
The Functions of Sleep	p. 273
The Repair and Restoration Theory	p. 273
The Evolutionary Theory	p. 273
Some Facts About Hibernation	p. 274
The Functions of REM Sleep	p. 274
Individual and Species Differences	p. 274
The Effects of REM Sleep Deprivation	p. 276
Hypotheses	p. 276
Biological Perspectives on Dreaming	p. 277
The Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis	p. 277
A Clinico-Anatomical Hypothesis	p. 278
In Closing: Our Limited Self-Understanding	p. 278
Terms	p. 279
Suggestions for Further Reading	p. 279
Web Sites to Explore	p. 279
Active Learner Link	p. 279
The Regulation of Internal Body States	p. 281
Temperature Regulation	p. 282
Homeostasis	p. 282
Controlling Body Temperature	p. 282
The Advantages of Constant Body Temperature	p. 282
Surviving in Extreme Cold	p. 283
Brain Mechanisms	p. 285
Behavioral Mechanisms	p. 286
Fever	p. 286
Temperature Regulation and Behavior	p. 286
The Development of Animal Behavior	p. 286
The Tonic Immobility Response	p. 287
In Closing: Temperature and Behavior	p. 287
Thirst	p. 289
Mechanisms of Water Regulation	p. 289
Osmotic Thirst	p. 289
Hypovolemic Thirst	p. 291
Mechanisms	p. 291
Sodium-Specific Cravings	p. 291
In Closing: The Psychology and Biology of Thirst	p. 292
Hunger	p. 294
How the Digestive System Influences Food Selection	p. 295
Enzymes and Consumption of Dairy Products	p. 295
Other Influences on Food Selection	p. 295
How Taste and Digestion Control Hunger and Satiety	p. 296
Oral Factors	p. 296
The Stomach and Intestines	p. 297
Glucose, Insulin, and Glucagon	p. 297
The Hypothalamus and Feeding Regulation	p. 299
The Lateral Hypothalamus	p. 299
Medial Areas of the Hypothalamus	p. 300
Using Multiple Research Methods	p. 301
Satiety Chemicals and Eating Disorders	p. 302
Leptin	p. 302
Neuropeptide Y	p. 303
Other Neuromodulators and Hormones	p. 304
Microdialysis	p. 305
Genetics, Metabolic Rate, and Body Weight	p. 305
Weight-Loss Techniques	p. 306
Anorexia and Bulimia	p. 306
In Closing: The Multiple Controls of Hunger	p. 307
Terms	p. 308
Suggestions for Further Reading	p. 309
Web Sites to Explore	p. 309
Active Learner Link	p. 309
Reproductive Behaviors	p. 311
The Effects of Sex Hormones	p. 312
Organizing Effects of Sex Hormones	p. 312
Sex Differences in the Gonads and Hypothalamus	p. 312
Sexual Differentiation in the Spotted Hyena	p. 314
Sex Differences in Nonreproductive Characteristics	p. 315
Activating Effects of Sex Hormones	p. 315
Sexual Behavior in Rodents	p. 315
Behavior Influences Hormonal Secretions	p. 316
Sexual Behavior in Humans	p. 316
Nonsexual Behavior	p. 319
Premenstrual Syndrome	p. 320
Puberty	p. 321
Parental Behavior	p. 321
In Closing: Sex-Related Behaviors and Motivations	p. 322
Variations in Sexual Development and Orientation	p. 324
Determinants of Gender Identity	p. 324
Intersexes	p. 324
Testicular Feminization	p. 326
Discrepancies of Sexual Appearance	p. 326
Possible Biological Bases of Sexual Orientation	p. 327
Genetics	p. 327
Hormones	p. 328
Brain Anatomy	p. 330
In Closing: We Are Not All the Same	p. 331
Terms	p. 332
Suggestions for Further Reading	p. 332
Support Groups	p. 333
Web Sites to Explore	p. 333
Active Learner Link	p. 333
Emotional Behaviors	p. 335
What Is Emotion, Anyway? And What Good Is It?	p. 336
Are Emotions Useful?	p. 337
Emotions and Readiness for Action	p. 338
In Closing: Emotions and the Mind	p. 340
Stress and Health	p. 342
Stress and the Autonomic Nervous System	p. 342
Psychosomatic Illnesses	p. 342
Voodoo Death and Related Phenomena	p. 343
Stress and the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal Cortex Axis	p. 344
The Immune System	p. 344
Effects of Stress on the Immune System	p. 346
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder	p. 347
In Closing: Emotions and Body Reactions	p. 348
Attack and Escape Behaviors	p. 349
Attack Behaviors	p. 349
Heredity and Environment in Human Violence	p. 349
Hormones	p. 351
Temporal Lobe and Violence	p. 351
Serotonin Synapses and Aggressive Behavior	p. 352
Panic Disorder	p. 354
Escape Behaviors	p. 354
Fear, Enhanced Fears, and the Amygdala	p. 354
The Human Amygdala	p. 356
Anxiety-Reducing Drugs	p. 357
The Relationship Between Alcohol and Tranquilizers	p. 359
In Closing: Understanding Emotions and Doing Something About Them	p. 359
Terms	p. 361
Suggestions for Further Reading	p. 361
Web Sites to Explore	p. 361
Active Learner Link	p. 361
The Biology of Learning and Memory	p. 363
Learning, Memory, Amnesia, and Brain Functioning	p. 364
Localized Representations of Memory	p. 364
Lashley's Search for the Engram	p. 364
The Modern Search for the Engram	p. 366
Types of Memory	p. 368
Short-Term and Long-Term Memory	p. 368
Consolidation of Long-Term Memories	p. 368
A Modified Theory: Working Memory	p. 369
The Hippocampus and Amnesia	p. 370
Memory Loss After Hippocampal Damage	p. 370
Theories of the Function of the Hippocampus	p. 372
Other Types of Brain Damage and Amnesia	p. 375
Korsakoff's Syndrome and Other Prefrontal Damage	p. 375
Alzheimer's Disease	p. 376
What Amnesic Patients Teach Us	p. 378
Infant Amnesia	p. 378
In Closing: Different Types of Memory	p. 379
Storing Information in the Nervous System	p. 381
Learning and the Hebbian Synapse	p. 381
Single-Cell Mechanisms of Invertebrate Behavior Change	p. 381
Blind Alleys and Abandoned Mines in Research	p. 382
Aplysia as an Experimental Animal	p. 382
Habituation in Aplysia	p. 382
Sensitization in Aplysia	p. 383
Long-Term Potentiation in Mammals	p. 385
Biochemical Mechanisms	p. 385
LTP and Behavior	p. 385
In Closing: The Physiology of Memory	p. 388
Terms	p. 390
Suggestions for Further Reading	p. 390
Web Sites to Explore	p. 390
Active Learner Link	p. 391
Lateralization and Language	p. 393
Lateralization of Function	p. 394
Visual and Auditory Connections to the Hemispheres	p. 395
Epilepsy	p. 396
Cutting the Corpus Callosum	p. 396
Testing Hemispheric Dominance for Speech	p. 398
Split Hemispheres: Competition and Cooperation	p. 399
The Right Hemisphere	p. 399
Hemispheric Specializations in Intact Brains	p. 401
Development of Lateralization and Handedness	p. 401
Anatomical Differences Between the Hemispheres	p. 401
Maturation of the Corpus Callosum	p. 402
Development Without a Corpus Callosum	p. 402
Handedness and Language Dominance	p. 403
Avoiding Overstatements	p. 403
In Closing: One Brain, Two Hemispheres	p. 404
Evolution and Physiology of Language	p. 405
Nonhuman Precursors of Language	p. 405
Common Chimpanzees	p. 405
Bonobos	p. 405
Nonprimates	p. 407
How Did Humans Evolve Language?	p. 408
Language as a Product of Overall Intelligence	p. 408
Language as a Special Module	p. 410
Is There a Critical Period for Language Learning?	p. 411
Effects of Brain Damage on Language	p. 411
Broca's Aphasia	p. 412
Phrenology	p. 413
Wernike's Aphasia	p. 414
Beyond Broca and Wernicke	p. 414
Dyslexia	p. 416
In Closing: Language and the Brain	p. 418
Terms	p. 420
Suggestions for Further Reading	p. 420
Web Sites to Explore	p. 420
Active Learner Link	p. 420
Alcoholism, Mood Disorders, and Schizophrenia	p. 423
Alcoholism	p. 424
Genetics	p. 424
Alcohol Metabolism and Antabuse	p. 425
Risk Factors for Alcohol Abuse	p. 426
In Closing: Alcoholism and Addiction	p. 427
Mood Disorders	p. 428
Major Depressive Disorder	p. 428
Genetics	p. 428
Triggering Depressed Episodes	p. 429
Abnormalities of Hemispheric Dominance	p. 429
Viruses	p. 429
Accidental Discoveries of Psychiatric Drugs	p. 430
Antidepressant Drugs	p. 430
Other Therapies	p. 432
Bipolar Disorder	p. 434
Genetics	p. 434
Treatments	p. 434
Seasonal Affective Disorder	p. 435
In Closing: The Biology of Mood Swings	p. 436
Schizophrenia	p. 438
Characteristics	p. 438
Behavioral Symptoms	p. 438
Demographic Data	p. 439
Differential Diagnosis of Psychological Disorders	p. 440
Genetics	p. 440
Twin Studies	p. 440
Adopted Children Who Develop Schizophrenia	p. 441
Potentially More Decisive Evidence	p. 441
Efforts to Locate a Gene	p. 442
The Neurodevelopmental Hypothesis	p. 443
Prenatal and Neonatal Abnormalities of Development	p. 443
Mild Brain Abnormalities	p. 444
The Wisconsin Card Sorting Task	p. 445
Early Development and Later Psychopathology	p. 445
Neurotransmitters and Drugs	p. 446
The Dopamine Hypothesis	p. 446
The Glutamate Hypothesis	p. 447
The Search for Improved Drugs	p. 449
In Closing: The Fascination of Schizophrenia	p. 449
Terms	p. 451
Suggestions for Further Reading	p. 451
Web Sites to Explore	p. 451
Active Learner Link	p. 451
Brief, Basic Chemistry	p. 453
Society for Neuroscience Policies on the Use of Animals and Human Subjects in Neuroscience Research	p. 459
References	p. 462
Credits	p. 516
Theme Index	p. 520
Name Index	p. 522
Subject Index/Glossary	p. 533
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