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| Finding Data in Life | |
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| The Benefits and Risks of Using Statistics | |
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| Statistics | |
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| Detecting Patterns and Relationships | |
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| Don't Be Deceived by Improper Use of Statistics | |
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| Summary and Conclusions | |
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| Reading the News | |
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| The Educated Consumer of Data | |
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| Origins of News Stories | |
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| How to be a Statistics Sleuth: Seven Critical Components | |
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| Four Hypothetical Examples of Bad Reports | |
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| Planning Your Own Study: Defining the Components in Advance | |
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| Measurements, Mistakes, and Misunderstandings | |
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| Simple Measures Don't Exist | |
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| It's All in the Wording | |
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| Open or Closed Questions: Should Choices Be Given? Defining What is Being Measured | |
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| Defining a Common Language | |
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| How to Get a Good Sample | |
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| Common Research Strategies | |
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| Defining a Common Language | |
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| The Beauty of Sampling | |
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| Simple Random Sampling | |
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| Other Sampling Methods | |
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| Difficulties and Disasters in Sampling | |
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| Experiments and Observational Studies | |
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| Defining a Common Language | |
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| Designing a Good Experiment | |
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| Difficulties and Disasters in Experiments | |
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| Designing a Good Observational Experiment | |
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| Difficulties and Disasters in Observational Studies | |
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| Random Sample versus Random Assignment | |
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| Getting the Big Picture | |
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| Final Questions | |
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| Case Studies | |
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| Finding Life in Data | |
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| Summarizing and Displaying Measurement Data | |
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| Turning Data into Information | |
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| Picturing Data: Stemplots and Histograms | |
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| Five Useful Numbers: A Summary | |
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| Boxplots | |
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| Traditional Measures: Mean, Variance, and Standard Deviation | |
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| Caution: Being Average Isn't Normal | |
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| Bell-Shaped Curves and Other Shapes | |
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| Populations, Frequency Curves, and Proportions | |
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| The Pervasiveness of Normal Curves | |
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| Percentiles and Standardized Scores | |
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| z-Scores and Familiar Intervals | |
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| Plots, Graphs, and Pictures | |
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| Well-Designed Statistical Pictures | |
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| Pictures of Categorical Data | |
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| Pictures of Measurement Variables | |
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| Difficulties and Disasters in Plots, Graphs, and Pictures | |
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| A Checklist for Statistical Procedures | |
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| Relationships Between Measurement Variables | |
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| Statistical Relationships | |
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| Strength versus Statistical Significance | |
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| Measuring Strength Through Correlation | |
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| Specifying Linear Relationships through Regression | |
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| Relationships Can Be Deceiving | |
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| Illegitimate Correlations | |
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| Legitimate Correlation Does Not Imply Causation | |
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| Some Reasons for Relationships Between Variables | |
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| Confirming Causation | |
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| Relationships Between Categorical Variables | |
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| Displaying Relationships Between Categorical Variables | |
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| Relative Risk, Increased Risk, and Odds | |
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| Misleading Statistics about Risk | |
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| Simpson's Paradox: The Missing Third Variable | |
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| Statistical Significance for 2 x 2 Tables | |
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| Measuring the Strength of a Relationship | |
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| Steps for Assessing Statistical Significance | |
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| The Chi-Square Test | |
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| Practical versus Statistical Significance | |
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| Reading the Economic News | |
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| Cost of Living: The Consumer Price Index | |
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| Uses of the Consumer Price Index | |
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| Criticisms of the Consumer Price Index | |
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| Economic Indicators | |
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| Understanding and Reporting Trends over Time | |
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| Time Series | |
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| Components of Time Series | |
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| Seasonal Adjustments: Reporting the Consumer Price Index | |
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| Cautions and Checklist | |
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| Understanding Uncertainty in Life | |
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| Understanding Probability and Long-Term Expectations | |
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| Probability | |
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| The Relative-Frequency Interpretation | |
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| The Personal-Probability Interpretation | |
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| Applying Some Simple Probability Rules | |
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| When Will It Happen? Long-Term Gains, Losses, and Expectations | |
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| Psychological Influences on Personal Probability | |
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| Revisiting Personal Probability | |
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| Equivalent Probabilities: Different Decisions | |
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| How Personal Probabilities can Be Distorted | |
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| Optimism, Reluctance to Change, and Overconfidence | |
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| Calibrating Personal Probabilities of Experts | |
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| Tips for Improving Your Personal Probabilities and Judgments | |
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| When Intuition Differs from Relative Frequency | |
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| Revisiting Relative Frequency | |
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| Coincidences | |
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| The Gambler's Fallacy | |
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| Confusion of the Inverse | |
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| Using Expected Values to Make Wise Decisions | |
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| Making Judgments From Surveys and Experiments | |
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| The Diversity of Samples from the Same Population | |
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| Setting the Stage | |
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| What to Expect of Sample Proportions | |
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| What to Expect of Sample Means | |
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| What to Expect in Other Situations | |
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| Estimating Proportions with Confidence | |
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| Confidence Intervals | |
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| Three Examples of Confidence Intervals from the Media | |
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| Constructing a Confidence Interval for a Proportion | |
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| The Role of Confidence Intervals in Research | |
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| Confidence Intervals for Population Means | |
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| Confidence Intervals for the Difference Between Two Means | |
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| Revisiting Case Studies: How Journals Present Confidence Intervals | |
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| Understanding Any Confidence Interval | |
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| Rejecting Chance--Testing Hypotheses in Research | |
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| Using Data to Make Decisions | |
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| The Basic Steps for Testing Hypotheses | |
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| Testing Hypotheses for Proportions | |
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| What Can Go Wrong: The Two Types of Errors | |
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| Hypothesis Testing--Examples and Case Studies | |
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| How Hypothesis Tests are Reported in the News | |
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| Testing Hypotheses about Proportions and Means | |
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| Revisiting Case Studies: How Journals Present Hypothesis Tests | |
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| Significance, Importance, and Undetected Differences | |
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| Real Importance versus Statistical Significance | |
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| The Role of Sample Size in Statistical Significance | |
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| No Difference versus No Statistically Significant Difference | |
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| A Summary of Warnings | |
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| Meta-Analysis: Resolving Inconsistencies across Studies | |
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| The Need for Meta-Analysis | |
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| Two Important Decisions for the Analyst | |
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| Some Benefits of Meta-Analysis | |
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| Criticisms of Meta-Analysis | |
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| Ethics in Statistical Studies | |
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| Ethical Treatment of Human and Animal Participants | |
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| Assurance of Data Quality | |
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| Appropriate Statistical Analyses | |
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| Fair Reporting of Results | |
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| Putting What You Have Learned to the Test | |
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| Case Studies | |
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| Solutions to Selected Exercises | |
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| Index | |