| |
| |
Preface 1 | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
What is Statistics? Sampling and Estimation | |
| |
| |
Precision Versus Confidence | |
| |
| |
Hypothesis Testing | |
| |
| |
Preview | |
| |
| |
Review Exercises | |
| |
| |
| |
Description of data | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
Categorical Data | |
| |
| |
Ordinal Data | |
| |
| |
Ratio Data | |
| |
| |
Frequency Tables and Histograms | |
| |
| |
Grouped Data and Sturge+s Rule | |
| |
| |
Stem and Leaf Plot | |
| |
| |
Five-number Summary | |
| |
| |
Box Plot | |
| |
| |
The Mean | |
| |
| |
Variance and Standard Deviation | |
| |
| |
Ogives and Quantiles | |
| |
| |
Exploratory Data Analysis | |
| |
| |
Formulas for Histograms (optional) | |
| |
| |
Review Exercises | |
| |
| |
| |
Probability theory | |
| |
| |
Overview | |
| |
| |
Definitions | |
| |
| |
Probabilities of Events | |
| |
| |
Rules of Probability | |
| |
| |
Three Diagrams | |
| |
| |
Bayes+ Formula | |
| |
| |
Review Exercises | |
| |
| |
| |
Discrete random variables | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
Basic Properties of Discrete Random Variables | |
| |
| |
Probability Histograms | |
| |
| |
Expected Value or Mean of a Random Variable | |
| |
| |
Functions of Random Variables | |
| |
| |
Variance and Standard Deviation of a Random Variable | |
| |
| |
Law of Large Numbers (optional) | |
| |
| |
Review Exercises | |
| |
| |
| |
Continuous random variables | |
| |
| |
Continuous Random Variables | |
| |
| |
Basic Properties | |
| |
| |
Percentiles and Modes | |
| |
| |
Expected Value or Mean | |
| |
| |
Functions of Random Variables | |
| |
| |
Variance and Standard Deviation | |
| |
| |
Chebyshev+s Inequality | |
| |
| |
Review Exercises | |
| |
| |
| |
Special discrete random variables | |
| |
| |
Discrete Uniform Random Variables | |
| |
| |
Bernoulli Random Variables | |
| |
| |
Binomial Random Variables | |
| |
| |
Hypergeometric Random Variables | |
| |
| |
Review Exercises | |
| |
| |
| |
Hypothesis testing | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
Two Types of Errors | |
| |
| |
The Sign Test | |
| |
| |
Binomial Exact Test | |
| |
| |
Fisher+s Exact Test | |
| |
| |
Trivial Effect Can be Significant | |
| |
| |
Review Exercises | |
| |
| |
| |
Normal random variables | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
Normal Approximation of Binomial | |
| |
| |
Continuity Correction | |
| |
| |
Central Limit Theorem | |
| |
| |
Processes that Follow the Normal Curve | |
| |
| |
Review Exercises | |
| |
| |
| |
Waiting time random variables Geometric Random Variables | |
| |
| |
Exponential Random Variables | |
| |
| |
Poisson Random Variables | |
| |
| |
Poisson Approximation Binomial for Rare Events | |
| |
| |
Poisson Random Variable as Inverse Exponential | |
| |
| |
Review Exercises | |
| |
| |
| |
Multivariate random variables | |
| |
| |
Joint Densities | |
| |
| |
Independence of Random Variables | |
| |
| |
Expectation, Covariance, and Correlation | |
| |
| |
Linear Combinations of Random Variables | |
| |
| |
Review Exercises | |
| |
| |
| |
Sampling theory | |
| |
| |
Population and Parameters | |
| |
| |
Samples and Statistics | |
| |
| |
Law of Averages for the Sample Count | |
| |
| |
Law of Averages for Sample Proportion | |
| |
| |
Law of Averages for the Sample Sum | |
| |
| |
Law of Averages for the Sample Mean | |
| |
| |
The z Statistic | |
| |
| |
The t Statistic | |
| |
| |
Estimators of Parameters | |
| |
| |
Review Exercises | |
| |
| |
| |
THE Z AND T TESTS OF HYPOTHESES | |
| |
| |
The z Test | |
| |
| |
Two-Sided z Test | |
| |
| |
Bootstrapping and the t Test | |
| |
| |
Which is the Null Hypothesis? Review Exercises | |
| |
| |
| |
Interval estimation | |
| |
| |
Difference Between Confidence and Probability | |
| |
| |
Two-sided Confidence Intervals | |
| |
| |
One-sided Confidence Intervals | |
| |
| |
Bootstrapping and the t curves | |
| |
| |
Margin of Error | |
| |
| |
Interval Estimation of Proportion Pi | |
| |
| |
Small Sample Interval Estimates of Proportions | |
| |
| |
Review Exercises | |
| |
| |
| |
Two sample inference | |
| |
| |
Matched Pair Samples | |
| |
| |
Independent Samples | |
| |
| |
Welch+s Formula | |
| |
| |
Independent Samples with Equal Variances | |
| |
| |
Resampling Methods | |
| |
| |
Review Exercises | |
| |
| |
| |
Correlation and regression | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
Scatter Plots | |
| |
| |
The Correlation Coefficient | |
| |
| |
Fitting a Scatter Plot by Eyes | |
| |
| |
The Regression Line | |
| |
| |
Estimation with Regression | |
| |
| |
The Regression Paradox | |
| |
| |
Testing for Correlation | |
| |
| |
Correlation is Not Causation | |
| |
| |
Review Exercises | |
| |
| |
| |
Inference with categorical data | |
| |
| |
Introduction / Comments on the Definition of x2 | |
| |
| |
Testing Goodness-of-Fit | |
| |
| |
Contingency Table Tests | |
| |
| |
One-Sided Chi-Square Test for the 2 x 2 Contingency Table | |
| |
| |
Compound Hypotheses | |
| |
| |
Review Exercises | |
| |
| |
Statistical Tables | |
| |
| |
Answers to Selected Odd-numbered Exercises | |
| |
| |
Indices | |