| |
| |
| |
| Geotechnical Engineering--A Historical Perspective | |
| |
| |
| |
| Geotechnical Engineering Prior to the 18th Century | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pre-Classical Period of Soil Mechanics (1700-1776) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Classical Soil Mechanics--Phase I (1776-1856) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Classical Soil Mechanics--Phase II (1856-1910) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Modern Soil Mechanics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Geotechnical Engineering After 1927 | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Origin of Soil and Grain Size | |
| |
| |
| |
| Rock Cycle and the Origin of Soil | |
| |
| |
| |
| Soil-Particle Size | |
| |
| |
| |
| Clay Minerals | |
| |
| |
| |
| Specific Gravity (G[subscript s]) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mechanical Analysis of Soil | |
| |
| |
| |
| Particle-Size Distribution Curve | |
| |
| |
| |
| Particle Shape | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Weight--Volume Relationships, Plasticity, and Structure of Soil | |
| |
| |
| |
| Weight--Volume Relationships | |
| |
| |
| |
| Relationships Among Unit Weight, Void Ratio, Moisture Content, and Specific Gravity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Relationships Among Unit Weight, Porosity, and Moisture Content | |
| |
| |
| |
| Various Unit-Weight Relationships | |
| |
| |
| |
| Relative Density | |
| |
| |
| |
| Consistency of Soil--Atterberg Limits | |
| |
| |
| |
| Liquid Limit (LL) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Plastic Limit (PL) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Shrinkage Limit (SL) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Liquidity Index and Consistency Index | |
| |
| |
| |
| Activity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Plasticity Chart | |
| |
| |
| |
| Soil Structure | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Engineering Classification of Soil | |
| |
| |
| |
| AASHTO Classification System | |
| |
| |
| |
| Unified Soil Classification System | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary and Comparison Between the AASHTO and Unified Systems | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Soil Compaction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Compaction--General Principles | |
| |
| |
| |
| Standard Proctor Test | |
| |
| |
| |
| Factors Affecting Compaction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Modified Proctor Test | |
| |
| |
| |
| Structure of Compacted Clay Soil | |
| |
| |
| |
| Field Compaction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Specifications for Field Compaction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Determination of Field Unit Weight of Compaction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Compaction of Organic Soil and Waste Materials | |
| |
| |
| |
| Special Compaction Techniques | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary and General Comments | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Permeability | |
| |
| |
| |
| Bernoulli's Equation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Darcy's Law | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hydraulic Conductivity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Laboratory Determination of Hydraulic Conductivity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Empirical Relations for Hydraulic Conductivity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Directional Variation of Permeability | |
| |
| |
| |
| Equivalent Hydraulic Conductivity in Stratified Soil | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hydraulic Conductivity of Compacted Clayey Soils | |
| |
| |
| |
| Considerations for Hydraulic Conductivity of Clayey Soils in Field Compaction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Moisture Content--Unit Weight Criteria for Clay Liner Construction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Permeability Test in the Field by Pumping from Wells | |
| |
| |
| |
| In Situ Hydraulic Conductivity of Compacted Clay Soils | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary and General Comments | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Seepage | |
| |
| |
| |
| Laplace's Equation of Continuity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Continuity Equation for Solution of Simple Flow Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Flow Nets | |
| |
| |
| |
| Seepage Calculation from a Flow Net | |
| |
| |
| |
| Flow Nets in Anisotropic Soil | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mathematical Solution for Seepage | |
| |
| |
| |
| Uplift Pressure Under Hydraulic Structures | |
| |
| |
| |
| Seepage Through an Earth Dam on an Impervious Base | |
| |
| |
| |
| L. Casagrande's Solution for Seepage Through an Earth Dam | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| In Situ Stresses | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stresses in Saturated Soil without Seepage | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stresses in Saturated Soil with Upward Seepage | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stresses in Saturated Soil with Downward Seepage | |
| |
| |
| |
| Seepage Force | |
| |
| |
| |
| Use of Filters to Increase the Factor of Safety Against Heave | |
| |
| |
| |
| Selection of Filter Material | |
| |
| |
| |
| Capillary Rise in Soils | |
| |
| |
| |
| Effective Stress in the Zone of Capillary Rise | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary and General Comments | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stresses in a Soil Mass | |
| |
| |
| |
| Normal and Shear Stresses on a Plane | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stress Caused by a Point Load | |
| |
| |
| |
| Vertical Stress Caused by a Line Load | |
| |
| |
| |
| Vertical Stress Caused by a Strip Load (Finite Width and Infinite Length) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Vertical Stress Due to Embankment Loading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Vertical Stress Below the Center of a Uniformly Loaded Circular Area | |
| |
| |
| |
| Vertical Stress at Any Point below a Uniformly Loaded Circular Area | |
| |
| |
| |
| Vertical Stress Caused by a Rectangularly Loaded Area | |
| |
| |
| |
| Influence Chart for Vertical Pressure | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary and General Comments | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Compressibility of Soil | |
| |
| |
| |
| Contact Pressure and Settlement Profile | |
| |
| |
| |
| Relations for Immediate Settlement Calculation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Improved Relationship for Immediate Settlement | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fundamentals of Consolidation | |
| |
| |
| |
| One-Dimensional Laboratory Consolidation Test | |
| |
| |
| |
| Void Ratio-Pressure Plots | |
| |
| |
| |
| Normally Consolidated and Overconsolidated Clays | |
| |
| |
| |
| Effect of Disturbance on Void Ratio-Pressure Relationship | |
| |
| |
| |
| Calculation of Settlement from One-Dimensional Primary Consolidation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Compression Index (C[subscript c]) and Swell Index (C[subscript s]) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Secondary Consolidation Settlement | |
| |
| |
| |
| Time Rate of Consolidation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Coefficient of Consolidation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Calculation of Consolidation Settlement Under a Foundation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Method of Accelerating Consolidation Settlement | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary and General Comments | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Shear Strength of Soil | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mohr-Coulomb Failure Criterion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Inclination of the Plane of Failure Caused by Shear | |
| |
| |
| |
| Laboratory Tests for Determination of Shear Strength Parameters | |
| |
| |
| |
| Direct Shear Test | |
| |
| |
| |
| Drained Direct Shear Test on Saturated Sand and Clay | |
| |
| |
| |
| General Comments on Direct Shear Test | |
| |
| |
| |
| Triaxial Shear Test--General | |
| |
| |
| |
| Consolidated-Drained Triaxial Test | |
| |
| |
| |
| Consolidated-Undrained Triaxial Test | |
| |
| |
| |
| Unconsolidated-Undrained Triaxial Test | |
| |
| |
| |
| Unconfined Compression Test on Saturated Clay | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stress Path | |
| |
| |
| |
| Vane Shear Test | |
| |
| |
| |
| Other Methods for Determining Undrained Shear Strength | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sensitivity and Thixotropy of Clay | |
| |
| |
| |
| Empirical Relationships Between Undrained Cohesion (c[subscript u]) and Effective Overburden Pressure ([sigma]'[subscript o]) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Shear Strength of Unsaturated Cohesive Soils | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary and General Comments | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Lateral Earth Pressure: At-Rest, Rankine, and Coulomb | |
| |
| |
| |
| At-Rest, Active, and Passive Pressures | |
| |
| |
| |
| Earth Pressure at Rest | |
| |
| |
| |
| Earth Pressure at Rest for Partially Submerged Soil | |
| |
| |
| |
| Lateral Pressure on Retaining Walls from Surcharges--Based on Theory of Elasticity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Rankine's Theory of Active Pressure | |
| |
| |
| |
| Theory of Rankine's Passive Pressure | |
| |
| |
| |
| Yielding of Wall of Limited Height | |
| |
| |
| |
| Diagrams for Lateral Earth Pressure Distribution Against Retaining Walls | |
| |
| |
| |
| Rankine Active and Passive Pressure with Sloping Backfill | |
| |
| |
| |
| Coulomb's Active Pressure | |
| |
| |
| |
| Graphic Solution for Coulomb's Active Earth Pressure | |
| |
| |
| |
| Active Force on Retaining Walls with Earthquake Forces | |
| |
| |
| |
| P[subscript ae] for c'-[phi]' Soil Backfill | |
| |
| |
| |
| Coulomb's Passive Pressure | |
| |
| |
| |
| Passive Force on Retaining Walls with Earthquake Forces | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary and General Comments | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Lateral Earth Pressure--Curved Failure Surface | |
| |
| |
| |
| Retaining Walls with Friction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Properties of a Logarithmic Spiral | |
| |
| |
| |
| Procedure for Determination of Passive Earth Pressure, P[subscript p] (Cohesionless Backfill) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Coefficient of Passive Earth Pressure, K[subscript p] | |
| |
| |
| |
| Passive Force on Walls with Earthquake Forces | |
| |
| |
| |
| Braced Cuts--General | |
| |
| |
| |
| Determination of Active Thrust on Bracing Systems of Open Cuts in Granular Soil | |
| |
| |
| |
| Determination of Active Thrust on Bracing Systems for Cuts in Cohesive Soil | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pressure Variation for Design of Sheetings, Struts, and Wales | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dynamic Earth Pressure Distribution Behind a Wall Rotating About the Top | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Slope Stability | |
| |
| |
| |
| Factor of Safety | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stability of Infinite Slopes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Finite Slopes--General | |
| |
| |
| |
| Analysis of Finite Slopes with Plane Failure Surfaces (Culmann's Method) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Analysis of Finite Slopes with Circular Failure Surfaces--General | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mass Procedure--Slopes in Homogeneous Clay Soil with [phi] = 0 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mass Procedure for Stability of Saturated Clay Slopes ([phi] = 0 condition) with Earthquake Forces | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mass Procedure--Slopes in Homogeneous c'-[phi]' Soil | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ordinary Method of Slices | |
| |
| |
| |
| Bishop's Simplified Method of Slices | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stability Analysis by Method of Slices for Steady State Seepage | |
| |
| |
| |
| Morgenstern's Method of Slices for Rapid Drawdown Condition | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cousin's Charts | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fluctuation of Factor of Safety of Slopes in Clay Embankment on Saturated Clay | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary and General Comments | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Soil-Bearing Capacity for Shallow Foundations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ultimate Soil-Bearing Capacity for Shallow Foundations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Terzaghi's Ultimate Bearing Capacity Equation | |
| |
| |
| |
| General Bearing Capacity Equation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Effect of Ground Water Table | |
| |
| |
| |
| Factor of Safety | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ultimate Load for Shallow Foundations Under Eccentric Load | |
| |
| |
| |
| Bearing Capacity of Sand Based on Settlement | |
| |
| |
| |
| Plate Load Test | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ultimate Bearing Capacity on Layered Soil | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary and General Comments | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Landfill Liners and Geosynthetics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Landfill Liners--Overview | |
| |
| |
| |
| Geosynthetics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Geotextiles | |
| |
| |
| |
| Geomembranes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Geonets | |
| |
| |
| |
| Single Clay Liner and Single Geomembrane Liner Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Recent Advances in the Liner Systems for Landfills | |
| |
| |
| |
| Leachate Removal Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Closure of Landfills | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary and General Comments | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Subsoil Exploration | |
| |
| |
| |
| Planning for Soil Exploration | |
| |
| |
| |
| Boring Methods | |
| |
| |
| |
| Common Sampling Methods | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sample Disturbance | |
| |
| |
| |
| Correlations for Standard Penetration Test | |
| |
| |
| |
| Other In Situ Tests | |
| |
| |
| |
| Rock Coring | |
| |
| |
| |
| Soil Exploration Report | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Answers to Selected Problems | |
| |
| |
| Index | |