| |
| |
| Microcomputer-Based Systems | |
| |
| |
| Embedded Computer Systems | |
| |
| |
| Applications | |
| |
| |
| Software Issues | |
| |
| |
| Memory-Mapped Architecture | |
| |
| |
| MC68HC05 Architecture | |
| |
| |
| MC68HC705J1A | |
| |
| |
| MC68HC05C4 | |
| |
| |
| MC68HC05 Registers | |
| |
| |
| MC68HC05 Addressing Modes | |
| |
| |
| MC68HC08 Architecture | |
| |
| |
| MC68HC708XL36 Introduction | |
| |
| |
| MC68HC708XL36 Memory Map | |
| |
| |
| MC68HC08 Registers | |
| |
| |
| MC68HC08 Addressing Modes | |
| |
| |
| MC68HC11 Architecture | |
| |
| |
| MC68HC11 Family | |
| |
| |
| MC68HC11 Expanded Mode | |
| |
| |
| MC68HC11 Registers | |
| |
| |
| MC68HC11 Addressing Modes | |
| |
| |
| Erasing and Programming the MC68HC11 EEPROM | |
| |
| |
| MC68HC12 Architecture | |
| |
| |
| MC68HC12 Family | |
| |
| |
| MC68HC12 Expanded Mode | |
| |
| |
| MC68HC12 Registers | |
| |
| |
| MC68HC12 Addressing Modes | |
| |
| |
| Erasing and Programming the MC68HC12 EEPROM | |
| |
| |
| Erasing and Programming the MC68HC912B32 Flash EEPROM | |
| |
| |
| Digital Logic and Open Collector | |
| |
| |
| Initializing and Accessing I/O Ports | |
| |
| |
| Basic Concept of an I/O Port Address and Direction Register | |
| |
| |
| Simple I/O Software | |
| |
| |
| I/O Example | |
| |
| |
| Choosing a Microcomputer | |
| |
| |
| Glossary | |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| Software Development | |
| |
| |
| Quality Programming | |
| |
| |
| Quantitative Performance Measurements | |
| |
| |
| Qualitative Performance Measurements | |
| |
| |
| Memory Allocation | |
| |
| |
| Self-Documenting Code | |
| |
| |
| Abstraction | |
| |
| |
| Definitions | |
| |
| |
| Mealy FSM | |
| |
| |
| Moore FSM | |
| |
| |
| Modular Software Development | |
| |
| |
| Modules | |
| |
| |
| Dividing a Software Task into Modules | |
| |
| |
| Rules for Developing Modular Software in Assembly Language | |
| |
| |
| Layered Software Systems | |
| |
| |
| Device Drivers | |
| |
| |
| Basic Concept of Device Drivers | |
| |
| |
| Serial Communications Interface Device Driver | |
| |
| |
| Object-Oriented Interfacing | |
| |
| |
| Encapsulated Objects Using Standard C | |
| |
| |
| Object-Oriented Interfacing Using C++ | |
| |
| |
| Portability Using Standard C and C++ | |
| |
| |
| Threads | |
| |
| |
| Single-Threaded Execution | |
| |
| |
| Multithreading and Reentrancy | |
| |
| |
| Recursion | |
| |
| |
| Debugging Strategies | |
| |
| |
| Debugging Tools | |
| |
| |
| Debugging Theory | |
| |
| |
| Functional Debugging | |
| |
| |
| Performance Debugging | |
| |
| |
| Profiling | |
| |
| |
| Glossary | |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| Interfacing Methods | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Performance Measures | |
| |
| |
| Synchronizing the Software with the State of the I/O | |
| |
| |
| Variety of Available I/O Ports | |
| |
| |
| Blind Cycle Counting Synchronization | |
| |
| |
| Blind Cycle Printer Interface | |
| |
| |
| Blind Cycle ADC Interface | |
| |
| |
| Gadfly or Busy Waiting Synchronization | |
| |
| |
| Parallel I/O Interface Examples | |
| |
| |
| Blind Cycle Printer Interface | |
| |
| |
| Accurate Time Delays | |
| |
| |
| Blind Cycle ADC Interface | |
| |
| |
| Gadfly Keyboard Interface Using Latched Input | |
| |
| |
| Gadfly ADC Interface Using Simple Input | |
| |
| |
| Gadfly External Sensor Interface Using Input Handshake | |
| |
| |
| Gadfly Printer Interface Using Output Handshake | |
| |
| |
| Gadfly Synchronous Serial Interface to a Temperature Sensor | |
| |
| |
| Glossary | |
| |
| |
| Questions | |
| |
| |
| Interrupt Synchronization | |
| |
| |
| What Are Interrupts? | |
| |
| |
| Interrupt Definition | |
| |
| |
| Interrupt Service Routines | |
| |
| |
| When to Use Interrupts | |
| |
| |
| Interthread Communication | |
| |
| |
| Reentrant Programming | |
| |
| |
| First-In First-Out Queue | |
| |
| |
| Introduction to FIFOs | |
| |
| |
| Two-Pointer FIFO Implementation | |
| |
| |
| Two-Pointer/Counter FIFO Implementation | |
| |
| |
| Index FIFO Implementation | |
| |
| |
| FIFO Dynamics | |
| |
| |
| General Features of Interrupts on the 6805/6808/6811/6812 | |
| |
| |
| 6805 Interrupts | |
| |
| |
| 6808 Interrupts | |
| |
| |
| 6811 Interrupts | |
| |
| |
| 6812 Interrupts | |
| |
| |
| Interrupt Vectors and Priority | |
| |
| |
| MC6805 Interrupt Vectors and Priority | |
| |
| |
| MC68HC708XL36 Interrupt Vectors and Priority | |
| |
| |
| MC68HC11A8 Interrupt Vectors and Priority | |
| |
| |
| MC68HC812A4 Interrupt Vectors and Priority | |
| |
| |
| MC68HC912B32 Interrupt Vectors and Priority | |
| |
| |
| External Interrupt Design Approach | |
| |
| |
| Polled Versus Vectored Interrupts | |
| |
| |
| Keyboard Interface Using Interrupts | |
| |
| |
| Printer Interface Using IRQ Interrupts | |
| |
| |
| Power System Interface Using XIRQ Synchronization | |
| |
| |
| Interrupt Polling Using Linked Lists | |
| |
| |
| 6811 Interrupt Polling Using Linked Lists | |
| |
| |
| 6812 Interrupt Polling Using Linked Lists | |
| |
| |
| Fixed Priority Implemented Using One Interrupt Line | |
| |
| |
| Fixed Priority Implemented Using XIRQ | |
| |
| |
| Round-Robin Polling | |
| |
| |
| Periodic Polling | |
| |
| |
| Real Time Interrupt Using a 6811 STRA | |
| |
| |
| 6811 RTI | |
| |
| |
| 6812 RTI | |
| |
| |
| 6812 Timer Overflow Interrupt | |
| |
| |
| Glossary | |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| Threads | |
| |
| |
| Multithreaded Preemptive Scheduler | |
| |
| |
| Round-Robin Scheduler | |
| |
| |
| Other Scheduling Algorithms | |
| |
| |
| Dynamic Allocation of Threads | |
| |
| |
| Semaphores | |
| |
| |
| Spin-Lock Semaphore Implementation | |
| |
| |
| Blocking Semaphore Implementation | |
| |
| |
| Applications of Semaphores | |
| |
| |
| Thread Synchronization or Rendezvous | |
| |
| |
| Resource Sharing, Nonreentrant Code or Mutual Exclusion | |
| |
| |
| Thread Communication Between Two Threads Using a Mailbox | |
| |
| |
| Thread Communication Between Many Threads Using a FIFO Queue | |
| |
| |
| Glossary | |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| Timing Generation and Measurements | |
| |
| |
| Input Capture | |
| |
| |
| Basic Principles of Input Capture | |
| |
| |
| Input Capture Details | |
| |
| |
| Real Time Interrupt Using an Input Capture | |
| |
| |
| Period Measurement | |
| |
| |
| Pulse-Width Measurement | |
| |
| |
| Output Compare | |
| |
| |
| General Concepts | |
| |
| |
| Output Compare Details | |
| |
| |
| Periodic Interrupt Using Output Compare | |
| |
| |
| Square-Wave Generation | |
| |
| |
| Pulse-Width Modulation | |
| |
| |
| Delayed Pulse Generation | |
| |
| |
| Frequency Measurement | |
| |
| |
| Frequency Measurement Concepts | |
| |
| |
| Frequency Measurement with [delta]f=100Hz | |
| |
| |
| Conversion Between Frequency and Period | |
| |
| |
| Using Period Measurement to Calculate Frequency | |
| |
| |
| Using Frequency Measurement to Calculate Period | |
| |
| |
| Measurements Using Both Input Capture and Output Compare | |
| |
| |
| Period Measurement with [delta]=1ms | |
| |
| |
| Frequency Measurement with [delta]f=0.1Hz | |
| |
| |
| Glossary | |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| Serial I/O Devices | |
| |
| |
| Introduction and Definitions | |
| |
| |
| RS232 Specifications | |
| |
| |
| RS422/AppleTalk/RS423/RS485 Balanced Differential Lines | |
| |
| |
| RS422 Output Specifications | |
| |
| |
| RS422 Input Specifications | |
| |
| |
| RS485 Half-Duplex Channel | |
| |
| |
| Other Communication Protocols | |
| |
| |
| Current Loop Channel | |
| |
| |
| Introduction to Modems | |
| |
| |
| Optical Channel | |
| |
| |
| Digital Logic Channel | |
| |
| |
| Serial Communications Interface | |
| |
| |
| Transmitting in Asynchronous Mode | |
| |
| |
| Receiving in Asynchronous Mode | |
| |
| |
| MC68HC05C8 SCI Details | |
| |
| |
| MC68HC708XL36 SCI Details | |
| |
| |
| MC68HC11A8 SCI Details | |
| |
| |
| MC68HC812A4 SCI Details | |
| |
| |
| SCI Applications | |
| |
| |
| SCI Hardware Interface | |
| |
| |
| SCI Receive Only Interrupt Interface | |
| |
| |
| SCI Transmit Only Interrupt Interface | |
| |
| |
| Input and Output Interrupts on the SCI | |
| |
| |
| Serial Port Printer Interfaces | |
| |
| |
| Synchronous Transmission and Receiving Using the SPI | |
| |
| |
| SPI Fundamentals | |
| |
| |
| MC68HC05C8 SPI Details | |
| |
| |
| MC68HC708XL36 SPI Details | |
| |
| |
| 6811 SPI Details | |
| |
| |
| 6812 SPI Details | |
| |
| |
| SPI Applications | |
| |
| |
| Glossary | |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| Parallel Port Interfaces | |
| |
| |
| Input Switches and Keyboards | |
| |
| |
| Interfacing a Switch to the Computer | |
| |
| |
| Hardware Debouncing Using a Capacitor | |
| |
| |
| Software Debouncing | |
| |
| |
| Basic Approaches to Interfacing Multiple Keys | |
| |
| |
| Sixteen-Key Electronic Piano | |
| |
| |
| 4 by 4 Scanned Keyboard | |
| |
| |
| Multiplexed/Demultiplexed Scanned Keyboard | |
| |
| |
| Output LEDs | |
| |
| |
| Single LED Interface | |
| |
| |
| Seven-Segment LED Interfaces | |
| |
| |
| Scanned Seven-Segment LED Interface | |
| |
| |
| Scanned LED Interface Using the 7447 Seven-Segment Decoder | |
| |
| |
| Integrated LED Interface Using the MC14489 Display Driver | |
| |
| |
| Liquid Crystal Displays | |
| |
| |
| LCD Fundamentals | |
| |
| |
| Simple LCD Interface with the MC14543 | |
| |
| |
| Scanned LCD Interface with the MC145000, MC145001 | |
| |
| |
| Parallel Port LCD Interface with the HD44780 Controller | |
| |
| |
| Transistors Used for Computer-Controlled Current Switches | |
| |
| |
| Computer-Controlled Relays, Solenoids, and DC Motors | |
| |
| |
| Introduction to Relays | |
| |
| |
| Electromagnetic Relay Basics | |
| |
| |
| Reed Relays | |
| |
| |
| Solenoids | |
| |
| |
| Pulse-Width Modulated DC Motors | |
| |
| |
| Interfacing EM Relays, Solenoids, and DC Motors | |
| |
| |
| Solid-State Relays | |
| |
| |
| Stepper Motors | |
| |
| |
| Stepper Motor Example | |
| |
| |
| Basic Operation | |
| |
| |
| Stepper Motor Hardware Interface | |
| |
| |
| Stepper Motor Shaft Encoder | |
| |
| |
| Glossary | |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| Memory Interfacing | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Address Decoding | |
| |
| |
| Full-Address Decoding | |
| |
| |
| Minimal-Cost Address Decoding | |
| |
| |
| Special Cases When Address Decoding | |
| |
| |
| Flexible Full-Address Decoder | |
| |
| |
| Integrated Address Decoder on the MC68HC812A4 | |
| |
| |
| Timing Syntax | |
| |
| |
| Available and Required Time Intervals | |
| |
| |
| Timing Diagrams | |
| |
| |
| General Memory Bus Timing | |
| |
| |
| Synchronous Bus Timing | |
| |
| |
| Partially Asynchronous Bus Timing | |
| |
| |
| Fully Asynchronous Bus Timing | |
| |
| |
| External Bus Timing | |
| |
| |
| Synchronized Versus Unsynchronized Signals | |
| |
| |
| Motorola MC68HC11A8 External Bus Timing | |
| |
| |
| Motorola MC68HC812A4 External Bus Timing | |
| |
| |
| Motorola MC68HC912B32 External Bus Timing | |
| |
| |
| General Approach to Interfacing | |
| |
| |
| Interfacing to a 6811 | |
| |
| |
| Interfacing to a 6812 in Expanded Narrow Mode | |
| |
| |
| Interfacing to a 6812 in Expanded Wide Mode | |
| |
| |
| Memory Interface Examples | |
| |
| |
| 32K PROM Interface | |
| |
| |
| 8K RAM Interface | |
| |
| |
| 32K by 16-bit PROM Interface to a MC68HC812A4 | |
| |
| |
| 8K by 16-bit RAM Interface | |
| |
| |
| Extended Address Data Page Interface to the MC68HC812A4 | |
| |
| |
| Extended Address Program Page Interface to the MC68HC812A4 | |
| |
| |
| Dynamic RAM (DRAM) | |
| |
| |
| Glossary | |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| High-Speed I/O Interfacing | |
| |
| |
| The Need for Speed | |
| |
| |
| High Speed I/O Applications | |
| |
| |
| Mass Storage | |
| |
| |
| High-Speed Data Acquisition | |
| |
| |
| Video Displays | |
| |
| |
| High-Speed Signal Generation | |
| |
| |
| Network Communications | |
| |
| |
| General Approaches to High-Speed Interfaces | |
| |
| |
| Hardware FIFO | |
| |
| |
| Dual Port Memory | |
| |
| |
| Bank-Switched Memory | |
| |
| |
| Fundamental Approach to DMA | |
| |
| |
| DMA Cycles | |
| |
| |
| DMA Initiation | |
| |
| |
| Burst Versus Cycle Steal DMA | |
| |
| |
| Single-Address Versus Dual-Address DMA | |
| |
| |
| DMA Programming | |
| |
| |
| MC68HC708XL36 Examples | |
| |
| |
| DMA I/O Registers | |
| |
| |
| Memory-to-Memory Block Transfer | |
| |
| |
| SCI Transmission | |
| |
| |
| SPI Reception | |
| |
| |
| Simple Waveform Generation | |
| |
| |
| Glossary | |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| Analog Interfacing | |
| |
| |
| Resistors and Capacitors | |
| |
| |
| Resistors | |
| |
| |
| Capacitors | |
| |
| |
| Operational Amplifiers (Op Amps) | |
| |
| |
| Transistor Models | |
| |
| |
| Ideal Op Amps | |
| |
| |
| Realistic Op Amp Models | |
| |
| |
| Types of Op Amps | |
| |
| |
| Saturation Properties | |
| |
| |
| Simple Rules for Linear Op Amp Circuits | |
| |
| |
| Linear Mode Op Amp Circuits | |
| |
| |
| Offset Adding Op Amp Circuit | |
| |
| |
| High-Gain Op Amp Circuit | |
| |
| |
| Current-to-Voltage Circuit | |
| |
| |
| Voltage-to-Current Circuit | |
| |
| |
| Integrator Circuit | |
| |
| |
| Derivative Circuit | |
| |
| |
| Voltage Comparators with Hysteresis | |
| |
| |
| Analog Filters | |
| |
| |
| Simple Active Filter | |
| |
| |
| Butterworth Filters | |
| |
| |
| Bandpass and Band-Reject Filters | |
| |
| |
| Digital-to-Analog Converters | |
| |
| |
| DAC Parameters | |
| |
| |
| DAC Using a Summing Amplifier | |
| |
| |
| Three-Bit DAC with an R-2R Ladder | |
| |
| |
| Twelve-Bit DAC with a DAC8043 | |
| |
| |
| DAC Selection | |
| |
| |
| DAC Waveform Generation | |
| |
| |
| Analog-to-Digital Converters | |
| |
| |
| DAC Parameters | |
| |
| |
| Two-Bit Flash ADC | |
| |
| |
| Eight-Bit Ramp ADC | |
| |
| |
| Successive Approximation ADC | |
| |
| |
| Software Schemes to Implement ADCs | |
| |
| |
| Sixteen-Bit Dual Slope ADC | |
| |
| |
| Sigma Delta ADC | |
| |
| |
| ADC Interface | |
| |
| |
| Sample and Hold | |
| |
| |
| BiFET Analog Multiplexer | |
| |
| |
| ADC System | |
| |
| |
| ADC Block Diagram | |
| |
| |
| Power and Grounding for the ADC System | |
| |
| |
| Input Protection for High-Speed CMOS Analog Inputs | |
| |
| |
| Multiple-Access Circular Queue | |
| |
| |
| Internal ADCs | |
| |
| |
| 6805 ADC System | |
| |
| |
| 6808 ADC System | |
| |
| |
| 6811 ADC System | |
| |
| |
| 6812 ADC System | |
| |
| |
| ADC Software | |
| |
| |
| Glossary | |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| Data Acquisition Systems | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Accuracy | |
| |
| |
| Resolution | |
| |
| |
| Precision | |
| |
| |
| Reproducibility or Repeatability | |
| |
| |
| Transducers | |
| |
| |
| Static Transducer Specifications | |
| |
| |
| Dynamic Transducer Specifications | |
| |
| |
| Nonlinear Transducers | |
| |
| |
| Position Transducers | |
| |
| |
| Velocity Measurements | |
| |
| |
| Force Transducers | |
| |
| |
| Temperature Transducers | |
| |
| |
| DAS Design | |
| |
| |
| Introduction and Definitions | |
| |
| |
| Using Nyquist Theory to Determine Sampling Rate | |
| |
| |
| How Many Bits Does One Need for the ADC? | |
| |
| |
| Specifications for the Analog Signal Processing | |
| |
| |
| How Fast Must the ADC Be? | |
| |
| |
| Specifications for the S/H | |
| |
| |
| Analysis of Noise | |
| |
| |
| Thermal Noise | |
| |
| |
| Shot Noise | |
| |
| |
| l/f or Pink Noise | |
| |
| |
| Transducer Limitations | |
| |
| |
| Magnetic Field Induction | |
| |
| |
| Displacement Currents or Capacitive (Electrical Field) Coupling | |
| |
| |
| Impedance Loading | |
| |
| |
| CMRR | |
| |
| |
| Frequency Response | |
| |
| |
| Motion Artifact | |
| |
| |
| DAS Case Studies | |
| |
| |
| Temperature Measurement System | |
| |
| |
| Force Measurement System | |
| |
| |
| Thermocouple Interface Using an Electronic Reference | |
| |
| |
| Heart Sounds | |
| |
| |
| Position Measurement System | |
| |
| |
| Glossary | |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| Microcomputer-Based Control Systems | |
| |
| |
| Introduction to Digital Control Systems | |
| |
| |
| Open-Loop Control Systems | |
| |
| |
| Open-Loop Control of a Toaster | |
| |
| |
| Open-Loop Traffic Control | |
| |
| |
| Open-Loop Stepper Controller | |
| |
| |
| Simple Closed-Loop Control Systems | |
| |
| |
| Bang-Bang Temperature Control | |
| |
| |
| Closed-Loop Position Control System Using Incremental Control | |
| |
| |
| PID Controllers | |
| |
| |
| General Approach to a PID Controller | |
| |
| |
| Velocity PID Controller | |
| |
| |
| Integral Controller with a PWM Actuator | |
| |
| |
| Empirical Method to Determine PID Controller Parameters | |
| |
| |
| Fuzzy Logic Control | |
| |
| |
| DAC, ADC Fuzzy Controller | |
| |
| |
| PWM Fuzzy Controller | |
| |
| |
| Temperature Controller Using Fuzzy Logic | |
| |
| |
| Glossary | |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| Simple Networks | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Serial Master/Slave Desktop Bus | |
| |
| |
| Parallel Bus Application Using Tristate Buffers | |
| |
| |
| Parallel Bus Application Using Open Collector Logic | |
| |
| |
| Binary Synchronous Communications | |
| |
| |
| IEEE488 General-Purpose Instrumentation Bus | |
| |
| |
| Small Computer Systems Interface | |
| |
| |
| Modem Communications | |
| |
| |
| FSK Modem | |
| |
| |
| Phase-Encoded Modems | |
| |
| |
| Quadrature Amplitude Modems | |
| |
| |
| X-10 Protocol | |
| |
| |
| Glossary | |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| Digital Filters | |
| |
| |
| Basic Principles | |
| |
| |
| Simple Digital Filter Examples | |
| |
| |
| Impulse Response | |
| |
| |
| High-Q 60-Hz Digital Notch Filter | |
| |
| |
| Effect of Latency on Digital Filters | |
| |
| |
| High-Q Digital High-Pass Filters | |
| |
| |
| Low-Q Digital High-Pass Filters | |
| |
| |
| Low-Q Digital Low-Pass Filters | |
| |
| |
| Digital Low-Pass Filter | |
| |
| |
| Direct-Form Implementations | |
| |
| |
| Glossary | |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| Index | |