Basic Concepts | p. 1 |
Arguments, Premises, and Conclusions | p. 1 |
Recognizing Arguments | p. 13 |
Deduction and Induction | p. 31 |
Validity, Truth, Soundness, Strength, Cogency | p. 41 |
Argument Forms: Proving Invalidity | p. 52 |
Extended Arguments | p. 59 |
Language: Meaning and Definition | p. 72 |
Varieties of Meaning | p. 72 |
The Intension and Extension of Terms | p. 82 |
Definitions and Their Purposes | p. 87 |
Definitional Techniques | p. 94 |
Criteria for Lexical Definitions | p. 104 |
Informal Fallacies | p. 111 |
Fallacies in General | p. 111 |
Fallacies of Relevance | p. 114 |
Fallacies of Weak Induction | p. 130 |
Fallacies of Presumption, Ambiguity, and Grammatical Analogy | p. 147 |
Fallacies in Ordinary Language | p. 170 |
Categorical Propositions | p. 188 |
The Components of Categorical Propositions | p. 188 |
Quality, Quantity, and Distribution | p. 190 |
Venn Diagrams and the Modern Square of Opposition | p. 195 |
Conversion, Obversion, and Contraposition | p. 204 |
The Traditional Square of Opposition | p. 214 |
Venn Diagrams and the Traditional Standpoint | p. 224 |
Translating Ordinary Language Statements into Categorical Form | p. 230 |
Categorical Syllogisms | p. 242 |
Standard Form, Mood, and Figure | p. 242 |
Venn Diagrams | p. 249 |
Rules and Fallacies | p. 261 |
Reducing the Number of Terms | p. 269 |
Ordinary Language Arguments | p. 272 |
Enthymemes | p. 275 |
Sorites | p. 280 |
Propositional Logic | p. 287 |
Symbols and Translation | p. 287 |
Truth Functions | p. 298 |
Truth Tables for Propositions | p. 310 |
Truth Tables for Arguments | p. 319 |
Indirect Truth Tables | p. 324 |
Argument Forms and Fallacies | p. 330 |
Natural Deduction in Propositional Logic | p. 348 |
Rules of Implication I | p. 348 |
Rules of Implication II | p. 359 |
Rules of Replacement I | p. 369 |
Rules of Replacement II | p. 380 |
Conditional Proof | p. 390 |
Indirect Proof | p. 395 |
Proving Logical Truths | p. 401 |
Predicate Logic | p. 405 |
Symbols and Translation | p. 405 |
Using the Rules of Inference | p. 414 |
Change of Quantifier Rule | p. 425 |
Conditional and Indirect Proof | p. 429 |
Proving Invalidity | p. 435 |
Relational Predicates and Overlapping Quantifiers | p. 441 |
Identity | p. 453 |
Induction | p. 468 |
Analogy and Legal and Moral Reasoning | p. 468 |
Causality and Mill's Methods | p. 487 |
Probability | p. 508 |
Statistical Reasoning | p. 525 |
Hypothetical/Scientific Reasoning | p. 544 |
Science and Superstition | p. 564 |
Answers to Selected Exercises | p. 592 |
Glossary/Index | p. 654 |
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