Preface to the Third Edition | p. xi |
Introduction | p. xvii |
Prologue: World Scientists' Warning to Humanity | p. xxvii |
An Introduction to Ethical Theory | p. 1 |
Moral Argument and Ethical Theory | p. 1 |
Distinguishing Moral and Empirical Claims | p. 1 |
Justification, Explanation, Prediction, and Description | p. 5 |
Moral Argument: The Interplay of Moral and Empirical Claims | p. 7 |
Harm and Benefit | p. 11 |
Evaluating Ethical Theories | p. 14 |
Influential Ethical Ideas and Theories | p. 16 |
From Ethical Egoism to Social Darwinism | p. 16 |
The Divine Command Theory | p. 18 |
Rights Theories | p. 20 |
Utilitarianism | p. 24 |
Utilitarianism and Economic Theory | p. 27 |
Natural Law Theory | p. 30 |
The Influence of Kant | p. 33 |
Environmental Justice | p. 34 |
The Idea of a Unique Environmental Ethic | p. 37 |
Western Religious and Cultural Perspectives | p. 43 |
Preview | p. 43 |
The Hsitoric Roots of Our Ecologic Crisis | p. 52 |
For God So Loved the World | p. 58 |
Judaism and the Environment | p. 62 |
Stewardship versus Exploitation | p. 66 |
The World as God's Body | p. 71 |
Of God and Pelicans | p. 89 |
Everyone Needs a Stone: Alternative Views of Nature | p. 99 |
Traditional Ecological Knowledge | p. 109 |
Why Bad Things Have Happened to Good Creatures | p. 111 |
The Other Animals | p. 114 |
Preview | p. 114 |
Good Natured--The Origins of Right and Wrong in Humans and Other Animals | p. 122 |
Animal Liberation | p. 135 |
The Case for Animal Rights | p. 143 |
Interspecific Justice | p. 150 |
The Prospects for Consensus and Convergence in the Animal Rights Debate | p. 163 |
The Little Things That Run the World | p. 169 |
Sidelight: Parachuting Cats and Interconnectedness | p. 172 |
Constructing an Environmental Ethic | p. 174 |
The Broader, Biotic Community | p. 174 |
Preview | p. 174 |
On Being Morally Considerable | p. 183 |
Should Trees Have Standing?--Toward Legal Rights for Natural Objects | p. 189 |
The Ethics of Respect for Nature | p. 201 |
The Land Ethic | p. 215 |
The Conceptual Foundations of the Land Ethic | p. 224 |
Marine Environmental Ethics | p. 238 |
Integration or Reduction: Two Approaches to Environmental Values | p. 240 |
Deep Ecology and Social Ecology | p. 259 |
Preview | p. 259 |
Deep Ecology | p. 263 |
Self-Realization: An Ecological Approach to Being in the World | p. 268 |
Will Ecology Become "The Dismal Science?" | p. 273 |
Sidelight: Do What's Natural, You Say? | p. 277 |
Ecofeminism | p. 279 |
Preview | p. 279 |
The Power and Promise of Ecological Feminism | p. 282 |
Development, Ecology, and Women | p. 296 |
How Feminist Is Ecofeminism? | p. 303 |
Economics, Ethics, and Ecology | p. 311 |
Letting the Market Decide | p. 311 |
Preview | p. 311 |
The Ethical Basis of the Economic View of the Environment | p. 318 |
At the Shrine of Our Lady of Fatima, or Why Political Questions Are Not All Economic | p. 327 |
Cost-Benefit Analysis | p. 336 |
Preview | p. 336 |
Cost-Benefit Analysis: An Ethical Critique | p. 341 |
Cost-Benefit Analysis Defended | p. 347 |
Sidelight: Cost-Benefit Analysis: Tool for All Seasons? | p. 350 |
Earth in the Balance Sheet | p. 352 |
From the Commons to Property | p. 359 |
Preview | p. 359 |
The Tragedy of the Commons | p. 364 |
The Tragedy of Enclosure | p. 373 |
The Creation of Property | p. 374 |
Property Rights in Natural Resources | p. 377 |
Takings, Just Compensation, and the Environment | p. 378 |
Human Population and Pressure on "Resources" | p. 389 |
Preview | p. 389 |
An Essay on the Principle of Population | p. 397 |
Sidelight: If Earth Could Speak | p. 401 |
Lifeboat Ethics | p. 402 |
Can the Supply of Natural Resources Really Be Infinite? Yes! | p. 408 |
Population, Poverty and the Local Environment | p. 414 |
Future Generations and Sustainability Questions | p. 419 |
Preview | p. 419 |
Future Generations | p. 428 |
Sidelight: The Nuclear Train to the Future | p. 436 |
Sustainability: An Economist's Perspective | p. 438 |
Sustainability | p. 443 |
Environmental Problems and Policies | p. 451 |
Preserving Biodiversity | p. 451 |
Preview | p. 451 |
The Diversity of Life | p. 459 |
What Is a Species? | p. 465 |
Why Do Species Matter? | p. 469 |
Why Species Matter | p. 476 |
Food and Agriculture | p. 484 |
Preview | p. 484 |
A Plant's-Eye View of the World | p. 491 |
Patenting Life | p. 496 |
Brute-Force Genetic Engineering | p. 498 |
Genes in the Good! | p. 502 |
Nature as the Measure for a Sustainable Agriculture | p. 508 |
What's in the Meat | p. 516 |
Wilderness and Forests | p. 519 |
Preview | p. 519 |
Radical American Environmentalism and Wilderness Preservation: A Third World Critique | p. 521 |
Tropical Forests and Their Species: Going, Going ...? | p. 529 |
The Mismanagement of the National Forests | p. 534 |
Forest Service Policy | p. 543 |
Corporate Responsibility | p. 546 |
Preview | p. 546 |
Environmental Racism | p. 550 |
Consumption and the Environment | p. 555 |
Consumption as a Theme in the North-South Dialogue | p. 556 |
The Chainsaws of Greed: The Case of Pacific Lumber | p. 559 |
Why Shouldn't Corporations Be Socially Responsible? | p. 571 |
"I Am No Greenpeacer, But ..." or Environmentalism, Risk Communication, and the Lower Middle Class | p. 575 |
Sliding to Global Catastrophe | p. 587 |
Preview | p. 587 |
Silent Spring | p. 595 |
The Case That the World Has Reached Limits | p. 598 |
The Climate-Change Debacle: The Perils of Politicizing Science | p. 607 |
A Response | p. 615 |
Climate Change Science | p. 620 |
Sidelight: Let's Transform the Military | p. 622 |
Varieties of Activism | p. 625 |
Preview | p. 625 |
Strategic Monkeywrenching | p. 628 |
The Sea Shepherds: Bringing Justice to the High Seas | p. 632 |
An Apologia for Activism: Global Responsibility, Ethical Advocacy, and Environmental Problems | p. 634 |
Involuntary Simplicity: Changing Dysfunctional Habits of Consumption | p. 643 |
Sidelight: A Resistance Movement of One's Own | p. 648 |
Learning and Research Tools | p. 650 |
Glossary | p. 650 |
Time Chart | p. 656 |
Internet and Other Environmental Resources | p. 657 |
Bibliography | p. 659 |
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