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| Nomenclature | |
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| List of Abbreviations | |
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| Preface | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Flapping Flight in Nature | |
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| Unpowered Flight: Gliding and Soaring | |
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| Powered Flight: Flapping | |
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| Hovering | |
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| Forward Flight | |
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| Scaling | |
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| Geometric Similarity | |
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| Wingspan | |
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| Wing Area | |
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| Wing Loading | |
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| Aspect Ratio | |
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| Wing-Beat Frequency | |
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| Power Implication of a Flapping Wing | |
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| Upper and Lower Limits | |
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| Drag and Power | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| Fixed, Rigid-Wing Aerodynamics | |
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| Laminar Separation and Transition to Turbulence | |
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| Navier-Stokes Equation and the Transition Model | |
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| The eN Method | |
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| Case Study: SD 7003 | |
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| Factors Influencing Low Reynolds Number Aerodynamics | |
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| Re = 103-104 | |
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| Re = 104-106 | |
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| Effect of Free-Stream Turbulence | |
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| Effect of Unsteady Free-Stream | |
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| Three-Dimensional Wing Aerodynamics | |
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| Unsteady Phenomena at High Angles of Attack | |
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| Aspect Ratio and Tip Vortices | |
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| Wingtip Effect | |
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| Unsteady Tip Vortices | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| Flexible-Wing Aerodynamics | |
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| General Background of Flexible-Wing Flyers | |
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| Flexible-Wing Models | |
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| Linear Membrane Model | |
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| Hyperelastic Membrane Model | |
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| Combined Fluid-Structural Dynamics Computation | |
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| Coupled Elastic Structures and Aerodynamics | |
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| Flexible Airfoils | |
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| Membrane-Wing Aerodynamics | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| Flapping-Wing Aerodynamics | |
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| Scaling, Kinematics, and Governing Equations | |
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| Flapping Motion | |
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| Reynolds Number | |
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| Strouhal Number and Reduced Frequency | |
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| Nonstationary Airfoil Aerodynamics | |
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| Dynamic Stall | |
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| Thrust Generation of a Pitching/Plunging Airfoil | |
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| Simplified Flapping-Wing Aerodynamics Model | |
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| Lift-Enhancement Mechanisms in Flapping Wings | |
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| Leading-Edge Vortex | |
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| Rapid Pitch-Up | |
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| Wake Capture | |
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| Clap-and-Fling Mechanism | |
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| Wing Structural Flexibility | |
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| Effects of Reynolds Number, Reduced Frequency, and Kinematics on Hovering Aerodynamics | |
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| Hovering Kinematics | |
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| Scaling Effect on Force Generation for Hovering Airfoils | |
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| Aerodynamics of a Hovering Hawkmoth | |
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| Downstroke | |
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| Supination | |
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| Upstroke | |
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| Pronation | |
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| Evaluation of Aerodynamic Forces | |
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| Aerodynamic and Inertial Powers of Flapping Wings | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |