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| Preface | |
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| Nomenclature | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The fact of turbulent flow | |
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| Broad options in modelling | |
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| A preview of the mean-strain generation processes in the stress-transport equation | |
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| Some consequences of the no-slip boundary condition at a wall | |
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| Sequencing of the material | |
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| The exact equations | |
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| The underpinning conservation equations | |
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| The Reynolds equations | |
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| The second-moment equations | |
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| Characterization of stress and flux dynamics: elements required for modelling | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Energy flow processes in turbulence | |
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| The spectral character of turbulence | |
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| The e-equation | |
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| Transport equation for the mean-square scalar variance, �<sup>2</sup> | |
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| Transport equation for dissipation of scalar variance, €<sub>��</sub> | |
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| Turbulence anisotropy, invariants and realizability | |
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| Approaches to closure | |
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| General remarks and basic guidelines | |
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| Pressure interactions, �<sub>ij</sub> and �<sub>�j</sub> the Poisson equation | |
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| The basic second-moment closure for high-Re</sub>t</sub> flow regions | |
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| Pressure-strain models from tensor expansion | |
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| Turbulence affected by force fields | |
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| Modelling the triple moments | |
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| Modelling the scale-determining equations | |
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| The energy dissipation rate, � | |
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| Other scale-determining equations | |
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| Multi-scale approaches | |
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| Determining �<sub>��</sub>, the dissipation rate of �<sup>2</sup> | |
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| Modelling in the immediate wall vicinity and at low Re<sub>t</sub> | |
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| The nature of viscous and wall effects: options for modelling | |
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| The structure of the near-wall sublayer | |
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| Wall integration (WIN) schemes | |
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| Illustration of the performance of two near-wall models | |
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| Elliptic relaxation concept | |
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| Simplified schemes | |
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| Rationale and organization | |
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| Reduced transport-equation models | |
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| Algebraic truncations of the second-moment equations | |
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| Linear eddy-viscosity models | |
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| The use of ASMs and linear EVMs within an unsteady RANS framework | |
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| Wall functions | |
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| Early proposals | |
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| Towards a generalization of the wall-function concept: preliminaries | |
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| Analytical wall functions (AWF): the Manchester scheme | |
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| A Simplified AWF (SAWF): the Delft scheme | |
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| Blended wall treatment (BWT) | |
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| Numerical wall functions (NWF) | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |