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| Preface | |
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| Concept Clusters | |
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| How to Study Astronomy | |
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| Changing Conceptions of the Cosmos | |
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| From Chaos to Cosmos | |
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| The Visible Sky | |
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| Constellations | |
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| Angular Measurement | |
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| Motions of the Stars | |
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| The Motions of the Sun | |
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| Motions Relative to the Horizon | |
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| Motions Relative to the Stars | |
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| View from the Southern Hemisphere | |
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| The Motions of the Moon | |
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| Motions Relative to the Stars | |
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| Phases | |
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| The Motions of the Planets | |
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| Retrograde Motion | |
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| Elongations, Conjunctions, and Oppositions | |
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| Angular Speed and Relative Distances | |
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| Eclipses of the Sun and Moon | |
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| Precession of the Equinoxes | |
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| Angular Size and Speed | |
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| The Birth of Cosmological Models | |
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| Scientific Models | |
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| Building Models | |
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| Evaluation of Models | |
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| Greek Models of the Cosmos | |
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| Harmony and Geometry | |
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| A Physical Geocentric Model | |
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| A Contrary View: A Sun-Centered Model | |
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| Stellar Parallax in a Finite Cosmos | |
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| Expanding the Geocentric Model | |
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| Claudius Ptolemy: A Total Geocentric Model | |
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| A Geocentric Model Refined | |
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| Nonuniform Motion | |
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| Ptolemy's Complete Model | |
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| The Size of the Cosmos | |
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| Model Evaluation | |
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| Describing Basic Observations with a Geocentric Model | |
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| Surveying the Earth | |
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| The New Cosmic Order | |
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| Copernicus the Conservative | |
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| The Heliocentric Concept | |
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| The Plan of De Revolutionibus | |
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| The Heliocentric Model of Copernicus | |
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| Details of the Model | |
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| Retrograde Motion Explained Naturally | |
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| Planetary Distances | |
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| Relative Distances of the Planets | |
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| Problems with the Heliocentric Model | |
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| The Impact of the Heliocentric Model | |
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| Tycho Brahe: First Master of Astronomical Measurement | |
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| The New Star of 1572 | |
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| Tycho's Hybrid Model | |
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| Johannes Kepler and the Cosmic Harmonies | |
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| The Harmonies of the Spheres | |
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| Kepler's New Astronomy | |
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| The Battle with Mars | |
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| Properties of Ellipses | |
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| Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion | |
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| The New Astronomy | |
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| Sidereal and Synodic Periods in a Heliocentric Model | |
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| Geometry of Ellipses | |
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| The Clockwork Universe | |
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| Galileo: Advocate of the Heliocentric Model | |
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| The Magical Telescope | |
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| The Starry Messenger | |
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| Galileo's Discoveries and the Copernican Model | |
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| The Crime of Galileo | |
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| Galileo and a New Physics of Motion | |
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| Acceleration, Velocity, and Speed | |
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| Natural Motion Revisited | |
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| Forced Motion: Gravity | |
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| Planets and Pendulums | |
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| Galileo's Cosmology | |
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| Newton: A Physical Model of the Cosmos | |
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| The Prodigious Young Newton | |
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| The Magnificent Principia | |
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| Forces and Motions | |
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| Newton's Laws of Motion | |
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| Newton and Gravitation | |
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| Centripetal Acceleration | |
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| Newton's Law of Gravitation | |
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| Cosmic Consequences of Universal Laws | |
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| The Earth's Rotation | |
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| Precession of the Earth's Axis | |
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| The Earth's Revolution and the Sun's Mass | |
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| Gravity and Orbits | |
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| Orbits and Escape Speed | |
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| Newton's Cosmology | |
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| Speed, Velocity, and Acceleration | |
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| Newton, the Apple, and the Moon | |
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| The Mass of the Sun | |
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| Escape Speed | |
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| The Birth of Astrophysics | |
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| Sunlight and Spectroscopy | |
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| Atoms and Matter | |
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| A Model of the Atom | |
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| Simple Spectroscopy | |
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| Analyzing Sunlight | |
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| Kirchhoff's Rules | |
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| The Conservation of Energy | |
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| Kinetic Energy | |
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| Potential Energy | |
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| Spectra and Atoms | |
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| Light and Electromagnetic Radiation | |
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| Waves | |
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| The Electromagnetic Spectrum | |
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| Atoms, Light, and Radiation | |
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| Solving the Puzzle of Atomic Spectra | |
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| Energy Levels | |
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| Other Atoms | |
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| Spectra from Atoms | |
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| Absorption-Line Spectra | |
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| Kinetic Energy | |
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| Energy and Light | |
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| Telescopes and Our Insight into the Cosmos | |
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| Observations and Models | |
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| Visible Astronomy: Optical Telescopes | |
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| The Basis of Optics | |
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| Optics and Images | |
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| Telescopes | |
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| Functions of a Telescope | |
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| Next Generation of Telescopes | |
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| New Optical Techniques | |
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| Invisible Astronomy | |
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| Ground-Based Radio | |
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| Resolving Power and Radio Interferometers | |
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| Ground-Based Infrared | |
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| Space Astronomy | |
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| Image Collection and Processing | |
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| Understanding Intensity Maps | |
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| Photography | |
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| Charge-Coupled Devices (CCDs) | |
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| Properties of Telescopes | |
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| Einstein's Vision | |
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| Natural Motion Reexamined | |
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| Newton's Assumptions | |
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| Motion and Geometry | |
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| The Rise of Relativity | |
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| Mass and Energy, Space and Time | |
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| The General Theory of Relativity | |
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| The Principle of Equivalence | |
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| Weightlessness and Natural Motion | |
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| The Geometry of Spacetime | |
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| Euclidean Geometry | |
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| Non-Euclidean Geometry | |
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| Local Geometry and Gravity | |
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| The Curvature of Spacetime | |
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| Spacetime Curvature in the Solar System | |
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| Experimental Tests of General Relativity | |
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| Geometry and the Universe | |
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| Cosmic Geometry | |
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| Relativity and the Cosmos | |
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| Escape Speed and the Critical Density | |
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| The Future of the Universe | |
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| The Planets: Past and Present | |
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| The Earth: An Evolving Planet | |
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| The Mass and Density of the Solid Earth | |
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| The Earth's Interior and Age | |
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| The Earth's Magnetic Field | |
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| Origin | |
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| Magnetosphere | |
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| The Blanket of the Atmosphere | |
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| The Greenhouse Effect | |
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| Atmospheric Circulation | |
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| The Evolution of the Crust | |
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| Planetary Evolution and Energy | |
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| Volcanism and Plate Tectonics | |
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| Evolution of the Atmosphere and Oceans | |
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| Origin and Development of the Oceans | |
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| Evolution of the Atmosphere | |
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| Evolution of the Earth's Surface Temperature | |
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| The Earth's Evolution: The Big Picture | |
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| Models of Planets | |
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| Radioactivity and the Dating of Rocks | |
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| Moon and Mercury, Mars and Venus: Terrestrial Planets | |
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| General Orbital and Physical Characteristics | |
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| Moon | |
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| Mercury | |
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| Mars | |
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| Venus | |
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| Surface Environments | |
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| Moon | |
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| Mercury | |
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| Mars | |
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| Venus | |
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| The Active Surface of Venus | |
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| Magnetic Fields | |
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| Moon | |
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| Mercury | |
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| Mars | |
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| Venus | |
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| History and Evolution | |
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| Moon | |
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| Mercury | |
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| Mars | |
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| Venus | |
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| Tides and Tidal Friction | |
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| Distances in the Solar System | |
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| Impact Cratering | |
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| The Jovian Planets: Primitive Worlds | |
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| Jupiter: Lord of the Heavens | |
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| Physical Characteristics | |
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| Atmospheric Features and Composition | |
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| A Model of the Interior | |
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| Magnetic Field | |
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| The Many Moons and Rings of Jupiter | |
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| Io | |
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| Europa | |
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| Ganymede | |
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| Callisto | |
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| The Rings of Jupiter | |
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| Saturn: Jewel of the Solar System | |
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| Atmosphere and Interior | |
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| Similarities to Jupiter | |
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| The Moons and Rings of Saturn | |
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| Titan | |
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| Other Moons | |
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| Ring System | |
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| Uranus: The First New World | |
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| Atmospheric and Physical Features | |
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| Moons and Rings | |
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| Magnetic Field | |
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| Neptune: Guardian of the Deep | |
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| Physical Properties | |
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| Moons and Rings | |
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| Atmospheric Features | |
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| Magnetic Field | |
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| Pluto and Charon: Guardians of the Dark | |
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| Orbital and Physical Properties | |
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| Charon: Pluto's Companion Planet | |
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| The Doppler Shift | |
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| The Origin and Evolution of the Solar System | |
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| Debris between the Planets: Asteroids | |
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| Asteroids: Minor Planets | |
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| Composition | |
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| Comets: Snowballs in Space | |
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| Composition | |
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| Orbits | |
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| The Comet Cloud | |
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| Interactions with the Solar Wind | |
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| Halley's Comet | |
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| Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 and the Great Comet Crash on Jupiter | |
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| Meteors and Meteorites | |
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| Types of Meteorites | |
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| Origin of Meteorites | |
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| Pieces and Puzzles of the Solar System | |
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| Chemistry | |
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| Dynamics | |
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| Models of Origin | |
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| Basics of Nebular Models | |
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| Angular Momentum | |
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| Heating of the Nebula | |
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| The Formation of the Planets | |
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| Making Planets | |
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| Chemistry and Origin | |
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| Jupiter and Saturn: A Different Story? | |
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| Our Moon: A Different Story! | |
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| Evaluation of the Nebular Model | |
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| Momentum and Angular Momentum | |
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| The Universe of Stars | |
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| Our Sun: Local Star | |
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| A Solar Physical Checkup | |
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| How Far? | |
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| How Big? | |
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| How Massive? | |
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| How Dense? | |
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| Ordinary Gases | |
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| Temperature | |
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| Pressure | |
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| The Sun's Continuous Spectrum | |
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| Luminosity | |
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| Surface Temperature and Blackbody Radiators | |
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| Opacity | |
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| The Solar Absorption-Line Spectrum | |
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| The Origin of Absorption Lines | |
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| The Chemical Composition of the Photosphere | |
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| Energy Flow in the Sun | |
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| Conduction, Convection, Radiation | |
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| Photosphere | |
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| Chromosphere | |
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| Corona | |
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| Solar Wind | |
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| The Solar Interior | |
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| Energy Sources | |
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| Nuclear Transformations | |
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| Fusion Reactions | |
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| Solar Neutrino Problem | |
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| Solar Vibrations and Interior | |
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| The Active Sun | |
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| Sunspots | |
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| Sunspot Cycle | |
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| Physical Nature of Sunspots | |
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| Flares | |
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| Coronal Loops and Holes | |
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| The Sun's Luminosity | |
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| Emission from Blackbodies | |
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| The Stars as Suns | |
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| Some Messages of Starlight | |
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| Brightness and Flux | |
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| Flux and Luminosity | |
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| The Inverse-Square Law for Light | |
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| Stellar Distances: Parallaxes | |
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| Stellar Colors, Temperatures, and Sizes | |
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| Color and Temperature | |
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| Temperature and Radius | |
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| Direct Measurement of Diameters | |
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| Spectral Classification of Stars | |
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| Temperature and the Balmer Lines | |
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| Spectral Classification | |
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| The Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram | |
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| Temperature versus Luminosity | |
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| Spectroscopic Distances | |
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| Weighing and Sizing Stars: Binary Systems | |
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| Binary Stars | |
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| Spectroscopic Binary Systems | |
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| The Mass-Luminosity Relation for Main-Sequence Stars | |
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| Stellar Densities | |
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| Stellar Lifetimes | |
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| Flux and Magnitude | |
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| Heliocentric (Trigonometric) Stellar Parallax | |
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| Starbirth and Interstellar Matter | |
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| The Interstellar Medium: Gas | |
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| Bright Nebulas | |
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| Interstellar Atoms | |
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| 21-cm Emission from Atomic Hydrogen | |
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| Clouds and Intercloud Gas | |
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| Interstellar Molecules | |
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| Molecular Clouds | |
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| The Interstellar Medium: Dust | |
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| Cosmic Dust | |
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| Dust and Infrared Observations | |
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| The Nature of Interstellar Dust | |
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| Dust and the Formation of Molecules | |
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| Formation of Cosmic Dust | |
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| Starbirth: Theoretical Ideas | |
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| Collapse Models | |
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| Protostar Formation | |
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| Collapse with Rotation | |
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| Starbirth: Observational Clues | |
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| Signposts for the Birth of Massive Stars | |
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| The Birth of Massive Stars | |
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| The Birth of Solar-Mass Stars | |
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| Molecular Outflows and Starbirth | |
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| Planetary Systems? | |
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| Brown Dwarfs: Failed Stars | |
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| Neighboring Planetary Systems: Found! | |
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| Center-of-Mass Motions | |
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| Doppler Shift Detections | |
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| Emission Nebulas: Forbidden Lines | |
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| Star Lives | |
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| Stellar Evolution and the Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram | |
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| Classifying Objects | |
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| Time and the H-R Diagram | |
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| Stellar Anatomy | |
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| Pressure and Energy Balance | |
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| Energy Transport | |
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| Star Models | |
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| Goals of Models | |
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| General Results | |
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| Energy Generation and the Chemical Compositions of Stars | |
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| Hydrogen Burning | |
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| Helium and Carbon Burning | |
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| Theoretical Evolution of a 1-Solar-Mass Star | |
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| Evolution to the Main Sequence | |
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| Evolution on the Main Sequence | |
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| Evolution off the Main Sequence | |
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| Evolution to the End | |
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| The Fate of the Earth | |
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| Lower-Mass Stars | |
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| Chemical Composition and Evolution | |
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| Theoretical Evolution of Massive Stars | |
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| Evolution of a 5-Solar-Mass Star | |
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| More Massive Stars | |
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| Observational Evidence for Stellar Evolution | |
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| Stars in Groups | |
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| Globular Clusters | |
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| Stellar Populations | |
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| Comparison with the H-R Diagram of Clusters | |
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| Variable Stars | |
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| Central Stars of Planetary Nebulas | |
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| The Synthesis of Elements in Stars | |
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| Nucleosynthesis in Red Giant Stars | |
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| Degenerate Gases | |
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| Stardeath | |
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| White Dwarf Stars: Common Corpses | |
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| Physics of Dense Gases | |
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| White Dwarfs in Theory | |
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| Observations of White Dwarfs | |
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| Neutron Stars: Compact Corpses | |
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| Degenerate Neutron Gases | |
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| Physical Properties | |
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| Novas: Mild Stellar Explosions | |
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| Ordinary Novas | |
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| A Nova Model | |
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| Supernovas: Cataclysmic Explosions | |
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| Classifying Supernovas | |
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| The Origin of Supernovas | |
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| Supernova 1987A | |
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| Supernova Remnants | |
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| The Crab Nebula: A Supernova Remnant | |
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| The Manufacture of Heavy Elements | |
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| Nucleosythesis in Stars | |
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| Nucleosynthesis in a Supernova | |
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| Other Sites of Nucleosynthesis | |
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| Pulsars: Neutron Stars in Rotation | |
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| Observed Characteristics | |
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| Clock Mechanism | |
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| Pulsars and Supernovas | |
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| A Lighthouse Model for Pulsars | |
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| Binary Radio Pulsars | |
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| Very Fast Pulsars | |
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| Pulsars with Planets | |
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| Black Holes: The Ultimate Corpses | |
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| The Schwarzschild Radius | |
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| The Singularity | |
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| Perilous Journey into a Black Hole | |
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| Observing Black Holes | |
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| Binary X-Ray Sources | |
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| Observing Black Holes | |
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| High-Energy Bursters Everywhere! | |
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| X-Ray Bursters | |
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| Gamma-Ray Bursters: Mystery Solved? | |
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| Thermal and Nonthermal (Synchrotron) Emission | |
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| Galaxies and Cosmic Evolution | |
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| The Evolution of the Galaxy | |
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| The Galaxy's Overall Structure | |
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| Galactic Rotation: Matter in Motion | |
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| The Sun's Speed around the Galaxy | |
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| The Sun's Distance from the Center | |
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| Rotation Curve and the Galaxy's Mass | |
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| Galactic Structure from Optical Observations | |
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| Spiral Tracers and Spiral Structure | |
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| Optical Maps of Spiral Structure | |
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| Exploring Galactic Structure by Radio Astronomy | |
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| Radial Velocities and Rotation | |
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| Radio Maps of Spiral Structure | |
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| The Evolution of Spiral Structure | |
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| The Windup Problem | |
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| The Density-Wave Model | |
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| Status of the Density-Wave Model | |
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| The Heart of the Galaxy | |
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| Radio Observations | |
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| Infrared Observations | |
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| X-Rays | |
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| The Inner 30 Light Years | |
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| Does a Black Hole Lurk in the Core? | |
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| The Halo of the Galaxy | |
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| Globular Clusters | |
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| Other Material in the Halo | |
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| A History of Our Galaxy | |
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| Populations and Positions | |
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| The Birth of the Galaxy | |
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| The Mass of the Galaxy | |
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| The Universe of Galaxies | |
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| The Extragalactic Debate | |
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| Basic Arguments | |
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| The Debate's Resolution | |
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| Normal Galaxies: A Galaxian Zoo | |
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| Ellipticals | |
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| Disks (Spirals) | |
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| Irregulars | |
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| Luminosity Classes | |
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| Surveying the Universe of Galaxies | |
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| Judging Distances | |
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| Distance Indicators | |
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| Hubble's Law and Distances | |
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| Redshifts and Distances | |
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| "Age" of the Cosmos | |
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| An Accelerating Expansion? | |
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| General Characteristics of Galaxies | |
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| Size | |
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| Mass | |
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| Luminosities | |
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| Mass-Luminosity Ratios | |
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| Colors | |
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| Spin | |
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| Clusters of Galaxies | |
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| The Local Group | |
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| Other Clusters of Galaxies | |
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| Clusters and the Luminosity of Galaxies | |
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| Interacting Galaxies | |
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| Superclusters and Voids | |
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| The Cosmic Tapestry | |
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| Intergalactic Medium and Dark Matter | |
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| Hubble's Constant and the Age of the Universe | |
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| Cosmic Violence | |
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| Violent Activity in Galaxies | |
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| Evidence of Violence in Our Galaxy | |
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| Synchrotron Emission Revisited | |
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| Active Galaxies | |
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| Radio Galaxies | |
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| Two High-Profile Active Galaxies | |
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| Structures of Radio Emission | |
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| Seyfert Galaxies and BL Lacertae Objects | |
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| Seyfert Galaxies | |
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| BL Lacertae Objects | |
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| Quasars: Unraveling the Mystery | |
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| Quasar Redshifts | |
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| General Observed Properties | |
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| The Light from Quasars | |
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| Line Spectra | |
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| Variability in Luminosity | |
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| Grand Illusions: Gravitational Lenses | |
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| Troubles with Quasars | |
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| Energy Sources in Quasars | |
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| A Generic Quasar and AGN Model | |
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| A Model for Quasars and AGNs | |
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| The Host Galaxies for Quasars | |
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| Faster Than Light? | |
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| Cosmic History | |
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| Cosmological Assumptions and Observations | |
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| Assumptions | |
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| Observations | |
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| A Brief Review of Cosmology | |
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| The Basic Big Bang Model | |
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| The Cosmic Background Radiation | |
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| Discovery! | |
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| Confirmation! | |
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| Properties | |
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| The Primeval Fireball | |
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| The Hot Start | |
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| Creation of Matter from Photons | |
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| Temperature Greater than 10[superscript 12] K | |
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| Temperature about 10[superscript 12] K | |
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| Temperature about 10[superscript 9] K | |
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| Temperature about 3000 K | |
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| Evidence for the Big Bang | |
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| The End of Time? | |
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| From Big Bang to Galaxies | |
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| Elementary Particles and the Cosmos | |
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| The Forces of Nature | |
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| GUTs and the Cosmos | |
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| GUTs and Galaxy Formation | |
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| The Inflationary Universe | |
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| The Flatness Problem | |
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| The Horizon Problem | |
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| Units | |
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| Planetary Data | |
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| Physical Constants and Astronomical Data | |
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| Nearby Stars in the Hipparcos Catalogue | |
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| The Most Luminous Stars in the Hipparcos Catalogue | |
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| Periodic Table of the Elements | |
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| Expanded Glossary | |
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| Index | |