Argumentation Schemes

Name: Argumentation Schemes
Price: 37.59 USD
Availability: InStock
ISBN: 9780521723749

ISBN-10: 0521723744

ISBN-13: 9780521723749

Edition: 2008

Authors: Douglas Walton, Christopher Reed, Fabrizio Macagno

List price: $47.99

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Description:

This book provides a systematic analysis of many common argumentation schemes and a compendium of 96 schemes. The study of these schemes, or forms of argument that capture stereotypical patterns of human reasoning, is at the core of argumentation research. Surveying all aspects of argumentation schemes from the ground up, the book takes the reader from the elementary exposition in the first chapter to the latest state of the art in the research efforts to formalize and classify the schemes, outlined in the last chapter. It provides a systematic and comprehensive account, with notation suitable for computational applications that increasingly make use of argumentation schemes.

Book details

List price: $47.99
Copyright year: 2008
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Publication date: 8/4/2008
Binding: Paperback
Pages: 456
Size: 5.98" wide x 9.02" long x 1.18" tall
Weight: 1.342
Language: English

Fabrizio Macagno is a postdoctoral researcher at the Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal, where he teaches courses on argumentation theory and conducts research in the field of argumentation and communication. He is doing research in the field of argumentation and philosophy of language in cooperation with the University of Windsor, Ontario. His research interests are focused on the relationship between argumentation and semantics, which he investigates from epistemological, logical and linguistic perspectives. He co-authored Argumentation Schemes (Cambridge University Press, 2008). His articles have appeared in international peer reviewed journals such as Pragmatics and Cognition, the…



Acknowledgments


Introduction



Basic Tools in the State of the Art



Introducing Argumentation Schemes



Argument from Position to Know and Expert Opinion



Critical Questions



Enthymemes, Schemes, and Critical Questions



Argument Diagramming Tools



Introducing Araucaria



Problems to be Solved



How Are Schemes Binding?



Directions for AI



Where We Go from Here



Schemes for Argument from Analogy, Classification, and Precedent



The Case of the Drug-Sniffing Dog



Argument from Analogy as Treated in Logic Textbooks



Is Argument from Analogy Deductive or Inductive?



The Schemes for Argument from Analogy



Argument from Analogy as a Defeasible Form of Argument



Arguments from Classification



Arguments Based on Rules and Classifications



Argument from Precedent and Practical Argument from Analogy



The Case of the Drug-Sniffing Dog Again



Conclusions



Knowledge-Related, Practical, and Other Schemes



Arguments from Knowledge



Practical Reasoning



Lack-of-Knowledge Arguments



Arguments from Consequences



Fear and Danger Appeals



Arguments from Alternatives and Opposites



Pleas for Help and Excuses



Composition and Division Arguments



Slippery Slope Arguments



Attacking Verbal Classification and Slippery Slope Arguments



Arguments from Generally Accepted Opinions, Commitment, and Character



Arguments from Popular Opinion



Variants of the Basic Form



Argument from Commitment



Arguments from Inconsistency



Ethotic Arguments



Circumstantial Ad Hominem



Argument from Bias



Ad Hominem Strategies to Rebut a Personal Attack



Causal Argumentation Schemes



The Problem of Causation



Argument from Cause to Effect



Argument from Effect to Cause



Argument from Correlation to Cause



Cases in Point



Causal Argumentation at Stages of an Investigation



Causal Assertions as Defeasible



Toward a System of Analysis and Classification



Dialectical and Bayesian Models of Causal Argumentation



Schemes and Enthymemes



Introduction



Preliminary Discussion of the Problem



A Deductive Case



Limitations of Deductive Analysis



Use of Argumentation Schemes in Analysis



Use of Schemes in Analyzing Weak Arguments



Limitations of Schemes



Discussion of Cases



The Attribution Problem



The Dialectical Component of the Enthymeme Machine



Attack, Rebuttal, and Refutation



Attacking, Questioning, Rebutting, and Refuting



Older Theories of Refutation



Newer Theories of Refutation



Argumentation Schemes and Critical Questions



Toward a Pragmatic Theory of Refutation



Different Kinds of Opposition



Internal and External Refutation



A Case Study of Combined Rebuttals



The Problem of Argument from Opposites



Problems about Critical Questions and Refutations



The History of Schemes



Aristotle on the Topics



Cicero



Boethius



From Abelard to the Thirteenth Century



Fourteenth-Century Logic



Topics in the Renaissance and the Port Royal Logic



Modern Theories of Schemes



Conclusions



A User's Compendium of Schemes



Argument from Position to Know



Argument from Expert Opinion



Argument from Witness Testimony



Argument from Popular Opinion (and Subtypes)



Argument from Popular Practice



Argument from Example



Argument from Analogy



Practical Reasoning from Analogy



Argument from Composition



Argument from Division



Argument from Oppositions



Rhetorical Argument from Oppositions



Argument from Alternatives



Argument from Verbal Classification



Argument from Definition to Verbal Classification



Argument from Vagueness of a Verbal Classification



Argument from Arbitrariness of a Verbal Classification



Argument from Interaction of Act and Person



Argument from Values



Argument from Sacrifice



Argument from the Group and Its Members



Practical Reasoning



Two-Person Practical Reasoning



Argument from Waste



Argument from Sunk Costs



Argument from Ignorance



Epistemic Argument from Ignorance



Argument from Cause to Effect



Argument from Correlation to Cause



Argument from Sign



Abductive Argumentation Scheme



Argument from Evidence to a Hypothesis



Argument from Consequences



Pragmatiic Argument from Alternatives



Argument from Threat



Argument from Fear Appeal



Argument from Danger Appeal



Argument from Need for Help



Argument from Distress



Argument from Commitment



Ethotic Argument



Generic Ad Hominem



Pragmatic Inconsistency



Argument from Inconsistent Commitment



Circumstantial Ad Hominem



Argument from Bias



Bias Ad Hominem



Argument from Gradualism



Slippery Slope Argument



Precedent Slippery Slope Argument



Sorites Slippery Slope Argument



Verbal Slippery Slope Argument



Full Slippery Slope Argument



Argument for Constitutive-Rule Claims



Argument from Rules



Argument for an Exceptional Case



Argument from Precedent



Argument from Plea for Excuse



Argument from Perception



Argument from Memory



Refining the Classification of Schemes



A Proposed General System for Classification of Schemes



Classification of Ad Hominem Schemes



Classifying the Subtypes of Ad Hominem Arguments



Complications



Conclusions



Formalizing Schemes



The Defeasible Modus Ponens Form of Schemes



Schemes in AML



Elements of a Formalization of Schemes



Formalization of Schemes in the Carneades System



Formally Modeling the Critical Questions



The Argument Interchange Format



The Research Project for Developing a Formal System



Schemes in Dialogue



Summary of the Dialectical System ASD



A Worked Example of a Dialogue in ASD



Conclusions



Schemes in Computer Systems



Schemes in Araucaria



Schemes in ArguMed



Schemes in Compendium



Schemes in Rationale



Schemes in Natural Language Argumentation



Schemes in Interagent Communication



Schemes in Automated Reasoning



Schemes in Computational Applications



Conclusions


Bibliography


Index