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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgements | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Definition and origins of remote sensing | |
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| Applications | |
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| A systems view of remote sensing | |
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| Further reading, and how to obtain data | |
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| Electromagnetic waves in free space | |
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| Electromagnetic waves | |
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| Polarisation | |
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| Spectra and the Fourier transform | |
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| The Doppler effect | |
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| Describing angular distributions of radiation | |
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| Thermal radiation | |
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| Characteristics of solar radiation | |
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| Diffraction | |
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| Problems | |
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| Interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter | |
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| Propagation through homogeneous materials | |
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| Complex dielectric constants: absorption | |
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| Dielectric constants and refractive indices of real materials | |
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| Gases | |
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| Solids and liquids that are electrical insulators | |
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| Metals | |
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| Dispersion | |
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| Plane boundaries | |
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| Scattering from rough surfaces | |
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| Description of surface scattering | |
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| Simple models of surface scattering | |
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| The Rayleigh roughness criterion | |
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| Models for microwave backscatter | |
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| The small perturbation model | |
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| The Kirchhoff model | |
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| Other models | |
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| Volume scattering | |
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| The radiative transfer equation | |
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| Absorption and scattering by macroscopic particles | |
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| Simple models of volume scattering | |
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| Reflection and emission from real materials | |
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| Visible and near-infrared region | |
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| Emissivities in the thermal infrared region | |
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| Emissivities in the microwave region | |
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| Microwave backscattering coefficients | |
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| Problems | |
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| Interaction of electromagnetic radiation with the Earth's atmosphere | |
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| Composition and structure of the gaseous atmosphere | |
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| Molecular absorption and scattering | |
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| Mechanisms of molecular absorption | |
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| Molecular scattering | |
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| Microscopic particles in the atmosphere: aerosols | |
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| Larger particles: fog, cloud, rain and snow | |
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| The ionosphere | |
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| Atmospheric turbulence | |
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| Problems | |
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| Photographic systems | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Photographic film | |
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| Film types | |
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| Black-and-white film | |
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| Infrared film | |
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| Colour film | |
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| False-colour infrared film | |
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| Performance of photographic film: speed, contrast and spatial resolution | |
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| Photographic optics | |
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| Scale, coverage and ground resolution | |
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| Photogrammetry and stereogrammetry | |
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| Relief displacement | |
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| Stereophotography | |
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| Atmospheric propagation | |
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| Some instruments | |
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| Applications of aerial and space photography | |
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| Problems | |
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| Electro-optical systems | |
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| Introduction | |
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| VIR imaging systems | |
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| Detectors | |
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| Imaging | |
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| Spatial resolution | |
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| Spectral resolution | |
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| Major applications of VIR images | |
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| Atmospheric correction | |
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| Thermal infrared imagers | |
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| Detectors | |
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| Imaging | |
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| Spatial resolution | |
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| Spectral resolution and sensitivity | |
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| Major applications of thermal infrared images | |
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| Cloud detection | |
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| Sea-surface temperature | |
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| Thermal inertia | |
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| Atmospheric correction of thermal infrared imagery | |
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| Some imaging instruments | |
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| Atmospheric sounding | |
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| Temperature profiling from observations at nadir | |
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| Profiling of gas concentrations at nadir | |
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| Backscatter observations at nadir | |
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| Limb-sounding observations | |
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| Spectral resolution for atmospheric sounding observations | |
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| Some instruments | |
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| Problems | |
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| Passive microwave systems | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Antenna theory | |
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| Angular response and spatial resolution | |
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| Sensitivity | |
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| Scanning radiometers | |
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| Major applications of passive microwave radiometry | |
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| Oceanographic applications | |
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| Land-surface applications | |
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| Atmospheric correction | |
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| Example: the SSM/I | |
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| Atmospheric sounding using passive microwave observations | |
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| Problems | |
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| Ranging systems | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Laser profiling | |
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| Atmospheric correction of laser profiler data | |
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| Radar altimetry | |
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| Effect of the Earth's curvature | |
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| Effect of coherence: range accuracy | |
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| Response from a rough surface | |
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| Applications of radar altimetry | |
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| Sea-surface topography | |
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| Sea-surface roughness | |
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| Land and ice-sheet topography | |
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| Atmospheric and ionospheric correction of radar altimeter data | |
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| Example: the Envisat radar altimeter | |
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| Other ranging systems | |
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| Problems | |
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| Scattering systems | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Lidar | |
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| The radar equation | |
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| Microwave scatterometry | |
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| Applications of microwave scatterometry | |
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| Microwave scatterometry over ocean surfaces | |
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| Microwave scatterometry over land surfaces | |
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| Example: ASCAT | |
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| Real-aperture imaging radar | |
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| Image distortions | |
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| Instruments and applications | |
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| Synthetic aperture radar | |
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| More exact treatment of the azimuth resolution | |
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| Speckle | |
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| Distortions of SAR images | |
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| Limitations imposed by ambiguity | |
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| SAR interferometry | |
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| Major applications of radar imaging | |
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| Example: Radarsat | |
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| Problems | |
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| Platforms for remote sensing | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Aircraft | |
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| Satellites | |
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| Launch of satellites | |
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| Description of the orbit | |
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| Effects of the Earth's asphericity | |
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| Special orbits | |
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| Geostationary orbits | |
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| Molniya orbits | |
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| Low Earth orbits | |
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| Exactly repeating orbits | |
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| Altimetric orbits | |
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| Station-keeping and orbital manoeuvres | |
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| Decay of orbits and orbital lifetimes | |
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| Problems | |
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| Data processing | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Transmission and storage of data | |
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| Image processing | |
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| Preprocessing | |
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| Radiometric correction | |
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| Geometric correction | |
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| Image enhancement | |
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| Contrast modification | |
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| Spatial filtering | |
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| Band transformations | |
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| The principal and canonical components transformations | |
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| Image classification | |
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| Density slicing and pseudocolour display | |
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| Multispectral classification | |
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| Texture classification | |
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| Error matrices and classification accuracy | |
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| Detection of geometric features | |
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| Data compression | |
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| Problems | |
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| The Global Positioning System | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Space segment | |
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| Determination of position | |
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| Data tables | |
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| Physical constants | |
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| Units | |
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| Illuminance at the Earth's surface | |
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| Properties of the Sun and Earth | |
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| Position of the Sun | |
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| References | |
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| Hints and solutions to numerical problems | |
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| Index | |