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| List of figures | |
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| List of tables | |
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| List of contributors | |
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| Acknowledgements | |
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| List of abbreviations and symbols | |
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| Parts-of-speech systems | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Open classes | |
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| Nouns | |
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| Verbs | |
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| Adjectives | |
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| Adverbs | |
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| Closed classes | |
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| Pronouns and other pro-forms | |
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| Noun adjuncts | |
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| Verb adjuncts | |
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| Conjunctions | |
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| Other closed classes | |
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| Suggestions for further reading | |
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| Word order | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Some basic word order correlations | |
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| Verb-final languages | |
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| Verb-initial languages | |
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| svo languages | |
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| Object-initial languages | |
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| Interim summary | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Identifying basic word order | |
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| Identifying constructions cross-linguistically | |
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| Identifying the order of subject, object, and verb | |
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| Identifying subjects | |
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| The order of subject, object, and verb | |
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| Lexical noun phrases versus pronouns | |
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| Identification of manner adverbs | |
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| Identification of prepositions and postpositions | |
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| Adpositions versus case affixes | |
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| Case affixes versus adpositional clitics | |
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| Adpositions and relational nouns | |
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| Languages without adpositions | |
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| Identification of genitives | |
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| Alienable versus inalienable possession | |
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| Lexical genitives versus possessive pronouns | |
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| Exceptions to word order generalizations | |
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| Other word order characteristics that correlate with the order of object and verb directionally | |
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| Verb and adpositional phrases | |
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| Verb and non-argument noun phrases | |
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| Main verb and auxiliary verb | |
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| Copula verb and predicate | |
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| Question particles | |
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| Complementizer and clause | |
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| Article and noun | |
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| Subordinate and main clause | |
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| Word order characteristics that correlate with the order of object and verb unidirectionally | |
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| Noun and relative clause | |
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| Plural word and noun | |
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| Intermediate unidirectional and bidirectional cases | |
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| Subordinator and clause | |
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| Complementizer and clause | |
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| Word order characteristics that do not correlate with the order of object and verb | |
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| Adjective and noun | |
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| The absence of a correlation with the order of object and verb | |
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| Identifying adjectives | |
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| Demonstrative and noun | |
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| Numeral and noun | |
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| Negative particle and verb | |
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| Tense-aspect particle and verb | |
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| Degree word and adjective | |
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| Other typological characteristics correlating with the order of object and verb | |
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| Position of interrogative expressions in content questions | |
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| Affix position | |
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| The use of case in distinguishing transitive arguments | |
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| Other sorts of implicational generalizations | |
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| Order among elements at the same level | |
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| Languages with flexible word order | |
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| Typological versus language-particular description of word order | |
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| Examples of summaries of word order properties | |
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| Siyin Chin | |
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| Batad Ifugao | |
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| Summary | |
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| Suggestions for further reading | |
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| The major functions of the noun phrase | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Preliminaries | |
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| Semantic roles | |
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| Agent and patient | |
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| Other semantic roles | |
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| Coding strategies | |
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| Order and arrangement | |
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| NP-marking | |
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| Cross-referencing | |
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| Pragmatic functions | |
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| Topics and topic-comment articulation | |
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| Focus-presupposition articulation | |
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| Thetic articulation | |
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| Overview of grammatical functions | |
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| Types of grammatical function | |
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| External functions | |
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| Oblique functions | |
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| Obliques (PPS) in English | |
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| Obliques in Warlpiri | |
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| Core grammatical functions | |
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| Subjects | |
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| A concept of subject | |
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| Subjects and coding features in ordinary main clauses | |
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| Subject ellipsis | |
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| Coding features in non-main clauses | |
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| Switch reference | |
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| Reflexivization | |
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| Other properties of subjects | |
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| Other core grammatical relations | |
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| Direct objects and second objects | |
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| Indirect objects | |
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| Other core relations | |
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| Syntactic ergativity | |
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| Reconsidering grammatical relations | |
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| Mixed syntactic ergativity | |
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| The Philippine type | |
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| The universal status of a- and p-subjects | |
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| Manipuri | |
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| Split intransitivity | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Suggestions for further reading | |
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| Clause types | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Nonverbal predicates | |
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| Types of copulas | |
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| Adjectival predicates | |
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| Nominal predicates | |
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| Equational clauses versus clauses with true nominal predicates | |
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| Optional copulas | |
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| Locative predicates / existential clauses | |
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| Locative copulas | |
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| Existential clauses | |
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| Existential clauses for expressing predicate possession | |
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| Other types of existential clauses | |
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| Minor types of clauses with nonverbal predicates | |
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| Verbal predicates | |
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| Transitive versus intransitive clauses | |
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| Ergative versus accusative patterns | |
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| Ditransitive clauses | |
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| Subtypes of intransitive clauses | |
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| Stative versus nonstative clauses | |
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| Split intransitivity | |
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| Zero-intransitive (or ambient) clauses | |
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| Semi-transitive clauses | |
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| Clauses with derived verbs | |
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| Suggestions for further reading | |
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| Speech act distinctions in grammar | |
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| Speech acts and sentence types | |
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| Declarative sentences | |
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| Declaratives in relation to the other basic types | |
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| Interaction with evidentiality | |
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| Interrogative sentences | |
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| Polar interrogatives | |
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| Intonational marking | |
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| Interrogative particles | |
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| Interrogative tags | |
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| Disjunctive-negative structures | |
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| Change in the order of constituents | |
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| Verbal inflection | |
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| Constituent interrogatives | |
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| Imperative sentences | |
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| Positive imperatives | |
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| Negative imperatives (prohibitives) | |
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| Indirect strategies | |
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| Related constructions | |
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| Some minor sentence types | |
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| Exclamatives | |
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| Echo questions | |
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| Nonfinite presentatives | |
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| Answers to questions | |
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| Summary and conclusion | |
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| Suggestions for further reading | |
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| Passive in the world's languages | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Passive as a foregrounding and backgrounding operation | |
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| Basic passives | |
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| General properties of basic passives | |
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| The syntactic form of basic passives | |
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| Strict morphological passives | |
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| Periphrastic passives | |
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| The semantics of basic passives | |
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| Aspectual differences | |
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| Degree of subject affectedness | |
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| Non-basic passives | |
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| Passives with agent phrases | |
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| Agent phrases in non-passive constructions | |
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| The form of agent phrases | |
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| Passives on non-transitive verbs | |
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| Passives on ditransitive verb phrases | |
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| Other passives with non-patient subjects | |
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| Constructions that resemble passives | |
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| Middles | |
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| Unspecified subject constructions | |
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| Inverses | |
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| Antipassives | |
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| The functional load of passive in grammars | |
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| Suggestions for further reading | |
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| A typology of information packaging in the clause | |
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| Introduction | |
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| On verbal semantics and packaging options | |
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| Conceptual events, participants, and perspective | |
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| Parameters governing actor choices | |
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| Parameters governing undergoer choices | |
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| Intransitive verbs and the unaccusative/unergative split | |
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| On argument structure and pivots | |
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| The nature of argument structure | |
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| The notion of pivot | |
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| A typology of pivots | |
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| On information structure | |
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| The discourse status of noun phrases | |
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| The information status of noun phrases | |
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| The animacy hierarchy | |
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| Topics, pivots, and prominence | |
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| On voice: clause-internal packaging options | |
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| Passive constructions | |
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| Foregrounding passives | |
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| Backgrounding passives | |
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| Summary | |
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| Antipassive constructions | |
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| Foregrounding antipassives | |
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| Backgrounding antipassives | |
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| Applicative constructions | |
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| Summary of clause-internal packaging constructions | |
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| On clause-external packaging options: topicalizations, left dislocations, and right dislocations | |
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| Suggestions for further reading | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Subject index | |