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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Brief history of meteorological sciences | |
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| Brief history of air-pollution science | |
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| The merging of air-pollution and meterorological sciences | |
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| Weather, climate, and air pollution | |
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| Scales of motion | |
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| Atmospheric processes | |
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| Atmospheric structure, composition, and thermodynamics | |
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| Pressure, density, and composition | |
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| Temperature structure | |
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| Equation of state | |
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| Changes of pressure with altitude | |
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| Water in the atmosphere | |
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| First law of thermodynamics | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems | |
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| Computer programming practice | |
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| The continuity and thermodynamic energy equations | |
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| Definitions | |
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| Continuity equations | |
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| Expanded continuity equations | |
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| Thermodynamic energy equation | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems | |
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| Computer programming practice | |
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| The momentum equation in Cartesian and spherical coordinates | |
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| Horizontal coordinate systems | |
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| Newton's second law of motion | |
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| Applications of the momentum equation | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems | |
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| Computer programming practice | |
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| Vertical-coordinate conversions | |
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| Hydrostatic and nonhydrostatic models | |
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| Altitude coordinate | |
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| Pressure coordinate | |
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| Sigma-pressure coordinate | |
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| Sigma-altitude coordinate | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems | |
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| Computer programming practice | |
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| Numerical solutions to partial differential equations | |
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| Ordinary and partial differential equations | |
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| Operator splitting | |
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| Advection-diffusion equations | |
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| Finite-difference approximations | |
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| Series expansion methods | |
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| Finite-volume methods | |
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| Advection schemes used in air-quality models | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems | |
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| Computer programming practice | |
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| Finite-differencing the equations of atmospheric dynamics | |
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| Vertical model grid | |
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| The continuity equation for air | |
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| The species continuity equation | |
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| The thermodynamic energy equation | |
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| The horizontal momentum equations | |
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| The hydrostatic equation | |
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| Order of calculations | |
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| Time-stepping schemes | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems | |
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| Computer programming practice | |
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| Modeling project | |
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| Boundary-layer and surface processes | |
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| Turbulent fluxes of momentum, energy, and moisture | |
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| Friction wind speed | |
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| Surface roughness lengths | |
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| Parameterizations of kinematic turbulent fluxes | |
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| Eddy diffusion above the surface layer | |
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| Ground surface temperature and soil moisture | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems | |
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| Computer programming practice | |
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| Radiative energy transfer | |
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| Energy transfer processes | |
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| Electromagnetic spectrum | |
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| Light processes | |
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| Absorption and scattering by gases and particles | |
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| Visibility | |
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| Optical depth | |
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| Solar zenith angle | |
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| The radiative transfer equation | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems | |
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| Computer programming practice | |
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| Gas-phase species, chemical reactions, and reaction rates | |
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| Atmospheric gases and their molecular structures | |
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| Chemical reactions and photoprocesses | |
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| Reaction rates | |
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| Reaction rate coefficients | |
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| Sets of reactions | |
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| Stiff systems | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems | |
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| Computer programming practice | |
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| Urban, free-tropospheric, and stratospheric chemistry | |
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| Free-tropospheric photochemistry | |
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| Urban photochemistry | |
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| Stratospheric photochemistry | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems | |
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| Computer programming practice | |
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| Methods of solving chemical ordinary differential equations | |
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| Characteristics of chemical ODEs | |
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| Analytical solutions to ODEs | |
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| Taylor series solution to ODEs | |
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| Forward Euler solution to ODEs | |
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| Backward Euler solution to ODEs | |
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| Simple exponential and quasi-steady-state solutions to ODEs | |
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| Multistep implicit-explicit (MIE) solution to ODEs | |
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| Gear's solution to ODEs | |
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| Family solution to ODEs | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems | |
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| Computer programming practice | |
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| Modeling project | |
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| Particle components, size distributions, and size structures | |
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| Introduction to particles | |
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| Aerosol, fog, and cloud composition | |
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| Discrete size distributions | |
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| Continuous size distributions | |
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| Evolution of size distributions over time | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems | |
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| Computer programming practice | |
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| Aerosol emission and nucleation | |
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| Aerosol emission | |
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| Nucleation | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems | |
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| Computer programming practice | |
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| Coagulation | |
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| Implicit coagulation | |
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| Semiimplicit Coagulation | |
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| Comparison with analytical solutions | |
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| Coagulation among multiple particle distributions | |
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| Particle flow regimes | |
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| Coagulation kernel | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems | |
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| Computer programming practice | |
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| Condensation, evaporation, deposition, and sublimation | |
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| Fluxes to and from a single drop | |
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| Corrections to growth parameters | |
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| Fluxes to a particle with multiple components | |
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| Fluxes to a population of particles | |
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| Solutions to growth equations | |
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| Solving homogeneous nucleation with condensation | |
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| Effects of condensation on coagulation | |
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| Ice crystal growth | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems | |
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| Computer programming practice | |
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| Chemical equilibrium and dissolution processes | |
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| Definitions | |
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| Equilibrium reactions | |
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| Equilibrium relation and coefficients | |
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| Forms of equilibrium-coefficient equations | |
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| Mean binary solute activity coefficients | |
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| Temperature dependence of binary solute activity coefficients | |
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| Mean mixed solute activity coefficients | |
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| The water equation | |
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| Solid formation and deliquescence relative humidity | |
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| Example equilibrium problem | |
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| Mass-flux iteration method | |
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| Analytical equilibrium iteration method | |
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| Equilibrium solver results | |
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| Nonequilibrium between gases and particles | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems | |
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| Computer programming practice | |
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| Cloud thermodynamics and dynamics | |
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| Fog and cloud types and formation mechanisms | |
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| Moist adiabatic and pseudoadiabatic processes | |
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| Cloud development by free convection | |
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| Entrainment | |
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| Vertical momentum equation in a cloud | |
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| Convective available potential energy | |
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| Cumulus parameterizations | |
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| Cloud microphysics | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems | |
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| Computer programming practice | |
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| Irreversible aqueous chemistry | |
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| Significance of aqueous chemical reactions | |
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| Mechanisms of converting S(IV) to S(VI) | |
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| Diffusion within a drop | |
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| Solving growth and aqueous chemical ODEs | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems | |
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| Computer programming practice | |
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| Sedimentation, dry deposition, and air-sea exchange | |
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| Sedimentation | |
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| Dry deposition | |
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| Dry deposition and sedimentation calculations | |
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| Air-sea flux of carbon dioxide and other gases | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems | |
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| Computer programming practice | |
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| Model design, application, and testing | |
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| Steps in model formulation | |
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| Example model simulations | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems | |
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| Computer programming practice | |
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| Conversions and constants | |
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| Distance conversions | |
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| Volume conversions | |
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| Mass conversions | |
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| Temperature conversions | |
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| Force conversions | |
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| Pressure conversions | |
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| Energy conversions | |
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| Power conversions | |
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| Speed conversions | |
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| Constants | |
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| Tables | |
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| Standard atmospheric variables versus altitude | |
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| Solar irradiance at the top of the atmosphere | |
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| Chemical symbols and structures of gases | |
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| Gas-phase reactions | |
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| Chemicals involved in equilibrium and aqueous reactions | |
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| Thermodynamic data | |
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| Equilibrium reactions and rate coefficients | |
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| Irreversible aqueous reactions | |
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| Solute activity coefficient data | |
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| Water activity data | |
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| Surface resistance data | |