| |
| |
| Preface | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| What is thermoluminescence? | |
| |
| |
| |
| Luminescence | |
| |
| |
| |
| Early observations of thermoluminescence (pre-1948) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Applications | |
| |
| |
| |
| Radiation dosimetry | |
| |
| |
| |
| Age determination | |
| |
| |
| |
| Geology | |
| |
| |
| |
| Defects in solids | |
| |
| |
| |
| Other applications | |
| |
| |
| |
| This book | |
| |
| |
| |
| Theoretical background | |
| |
| |
| |
| Elementary concepts | |
| |
| |
| |
| Energy bands and localized levels: crystalline materials | |
| |
| |
| |
| Non-crystalline materials | |
| |
| |
| |
| Traps and recombination centres | |
| |
| |
| |
| Transitions not involving the delocalized bands | |
| |
| |
| |
| Recombination processes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Direct and indirect recombination | |
| |
| |
| |
| Radiative and non-radiative recombination | |
| |
| |
| |
| Models for thermoluminescence | |
| |
| |
| |
| Simple model | |
| |
| |
| |
| Additions to the simple model | |
| |
| |
| |
| An alternative model | |
| |
| |
| |
| More complex models | |
| |
| |
| |
| Thermoluminescence analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Trap emptying | |
| |
| |
| |
| Equations for the simple model: order of kinetics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Equations for other models | |
| |
| |
| |
| Methods of analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Partial and whole curve analyses | |
| |
| |
| |
| Peak shape methods | |
| |
| |
| |
| Peak position methods | |
| |
| |
| |
| Curve-fitting | |
| |
| |
| |
| Isothermal analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Energy distributions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Calculation of the frequency factor, s | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Trap filling | |
| |
| |
| |
| The simple model | |
| |
| |
| |
| Additions to the simple model | |
| |
| |
| |
| Additional factors governing thermoluminescence | |
| |
| |
| |
| Further discussions of supralinearity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Multi-stage reaction models | |
| |
| |
| |
| More on competition models | |
| |
| |
| |
| Trap creation models | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sensitization | |
| |
| |
| |
| Competing trap models | |
| |
| |
| |
| Centre conversion models | |
| |
| |
| |
| Trap creation models (radiation and thermal) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Optical effects | |
| |
| |
| |
| Optical stimulation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Phototransfer | |
| |
| |
| |
| Tunnelling and anomalous fading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Quenching effects | |
| |
| |
| |
| Thermal quenching | |
| |
| |
| |
| Concentration quenching | |
| |
| |
| |
| Impurity quenching | |
| |
| |
| |
| Defects and thermoluminescence | |
| |
| |
| |
| General introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| The alkali halides | |
| |
| |
| |
| Structure and defects | |
| |
| |
| |
| Irradiation effects | |
| |
| |
| |
| Thermoluminescence from KCl, KBr, KI and NaCl, irradiated at 4K | |
| |
| |
| |
| Samples irradiated at 80K | |
| |
| |
| |
| Samples irradiated at room temperature | |
| |
| |
| |
| Thermoluminescence from LiF | |
| |
| |
| |
| Quartz and silica | |
| |
| |
| |
| Structure | |
| |
| |
| |
| Defects | |
| |
| |
| |
| Luminescence | |
| |
| |
| |
| Thermoluminescence; samples irradiated below room temperature | |
| |
| |
| |
| Samples irradiated at room temperature | |
| |
| |
| |
| Thermoluminescence dosimetry (TLD) | |
| |
| |
| |
| General requirements for TLD materials | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dose response | |
| |
| |
| |
| Energy response | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fading and stability | |
| |
| |
| |
| Annealing procedures | |
| |
| |
| |
| Other factors | |
| |
| |
| |
| Specific examples | |
| |
| |
| |
| Lithium fluoride, LiF | |
| |
| |
| |
| Lithium borate, Li[subscript 2]B[subscript 4]O[subscript 7] | |
| |
| |
| |
| Magnesium borate, MgB[subscript 4]O[subscript 7] | |
| |
| |
| |
| Magnesium orthosilicate, Mg[subscript 2]SiO[subscript 4] | |
| |
| |
| |
| Calcium sulphate, CaSO[subscript 4] | |
| |
| |
| |
| Calcium fluoride, CaF[subscript 2] | |
| |
| |
| |
| Beryllium oxide, BeO | |
| |
| |
| |
| Aluminium oxide, Al[subscript 2]O[subscript 3] | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ultra-violet effects and dose re-estimation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Personal dosimetry | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Materials | |
| |
| |
| |
| Practical application | |
| |
| |
| |
| Environmental monitoring | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Materials | |
| |
| |
| |
| Practical application | |
| |
| |
| |
| Medical applications | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Materials | |
| |
| |
| |
| Practical application | |
| |
| |
| |
| Specific examples | |
| |
| |
| |
| Thermoluminescence dating | |
| |
| |
| |
| General | |
| |
| |
| |
| Techniques in pottery dating | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fine-grain dating | |
| |
| |
| |
| Inclusion dating | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pre-dose dating | |
| |
| |
| |
| Phototransfer dating | |
| |
| |
| |
| General problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Spurious thermoluminescence | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sensitization and supralinearity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dose rate evaluation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Thermoluminescence dosimetry | |
| |
| |
| |
| Alpha-counting and K-analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Other techniques | |
| |
| |
| |
| Special dating applications | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sediments | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stones and rocks | |
| |
| |
| |
| Shells, bones and teeth | |
| |
| |
| |
| Authenticity testing | |
| |
| |
| |
| Geological applications | |
| |
| |
| |
| General | |
| |
| |
| |
| Meteorites | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mineralogy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Thermoluminescence | |
| |
| |
| |
| The use of the natural glow-curve | |
| |
| |
| |
| The use of the artificial glow-curve | |
| |
| |
| |
| Lunar material | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mineralogy and ages | |
| |
| |
| |
| Luminescence | |
| |
| |
| |
| Thermoluminescence | |
| |
| |
| |
| Terrestrial geology | |
| |
| |
| |
| Shock detection | |
| |
| |
| |
| Geo- and palaeothermometry | |
| |
| |
| |
| Prospecting | |
| |
| |
| |
| Miscellaneous applications | |
| |
| |
| |
| Concluding remarks | |
| |
| |
| |
| Instrumentation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cryostat design | |
| |
| |
| |
| High temperature (] room temperature) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Low temperature ([ room temperature) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Heater design and temperature control | |
| |
| |
| |
| Heater design | |
| |
| |
| |
| Temperature control | |
| |
| |
| |
| Light detection | |
| |
| |
| |
| Photomultiplier tube: d.c. current mode | |
| |
| |
| |
| Photon counting | |
| |
| |
| |
| Special considerations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Background subtraction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Emission spectra | |
| |
| |
| |
| Commercial systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Minerals | |
| |
| |
| |
| Commercial thermoluminescence systems | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Index | |