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| Preface | |
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| Introduction and Preliminaries | |
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| The topics to be discussed | |
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| Equilibrium and departures from it | |
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| The equations of motion and various approximations | |
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| Basic parameters of heterogeneous flows | |
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| Linear Internal Waves | |
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| Waves at a boundary between homogeneous layers | |
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| Progressive waves in deep water | |
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| Waves between layers of finite thickness | |
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| Standing waves | |
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| Waves in a continuously stratified fluid | |
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| Description in terms of modes | |
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| Description in terms of rays | |
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| Laboratory experiments on waves in bounded regions | |
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| Waves in a moving stratified fluid | |
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| Velocity constant with height | |
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| Lee waves with varying properties in the vertical | |
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| Reversals of velocity and critical layers | |
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| Weak non-linearities: interactions between waves | |
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| The mechanism of resonant interaction | |
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| Interactions of interfacial waves | |
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| Interactions with continuous stratification | |
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| Finite Amplitude Motions in Stably Stratified Fluids | |
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| Internal waves of finite amplitude | |
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| Interfacial waves | |
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| Cnoidal and solitary waves | |
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| Waves and flows in a density gradient | |
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| Finite amplitude lee waves | |
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| Internal hydraulics and related problems | |
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| Steady frictionless flow of a thin layer | |
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| Internal hydraulic jumps | |
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| Flow down a slope | |
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| The 'lock exchange' problem | |
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| Gravity currents and noses | |
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| Slow motions in a stratified fluid | |
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| The problem of selective withdrawal | |
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| Blocking ahead of an obstacle | |
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| Upstream wakes and boundary layers | |
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| Viscous diffusive flows | |
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| Instability and the Production of Turbulence | |
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| The stability of a free shear layer | |
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| The various types of instability | |
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| The Kelvin-Helmholtz mechanism | |
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| Interfaces of finite thickness | |
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| Observations of the breakdown of parallel stratified flows | |
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| The combined effects of viscosity and stratification | |
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| Viscous effects at an interface | |
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| Thermally stratified plane Poiseuille flow | |
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| Flows along a sloping boundary | |
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| Transition to turbulence | |
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| Mechanisms for the generation of turbulence | |
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| Classification of the various mechanisms | |
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| Flows near boundaries | |
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| Shear instabilities produced by interfacial waves | |
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| The interaction between wave modes | |
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| Internal instabilities with continuous stratification | |
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| Turbulent Shear Flows in a Stratified Fluid | |
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| Velocity and density profiles near a horizontal boundary | |
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| The logarithmic boundary layer | |
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| The effect of a buoyancy flux | |
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| Forced and free convection | |
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| Constant-flux layers in stable stratification | |
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| Theories of turbulence in a stratified shear flow | |
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| Similarity theories of turbulence and diffusion | |
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| The spectrum of nearly inertial turbulence | |
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| Arguments based on the governing equations | |
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| Observations and experiments on stratified shear flows | |
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| The generation and collapse of turbulent wakes | |
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| The suppression of turbulence at an interior shear layer | |
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| Stratified flows in pipes, channels and estuaries | |
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| Longitudinal mixing and advection | |
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| Buoyant Convection from Isolated Sources | |
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| Plumes in a uniform environment | |
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| Axisymmetric turbulent plumes | |
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| The entrainment assumption | |
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| Forced plumes | |
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| Vertical two-dimensional plumes | |
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| Inclined plumes and turbulent gravity currents | |
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| A modified entrainment assumption | |
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| Slowly varying flows | |
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| Laboratory experiments and their applications | |
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| Detailed profile measurements | |
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| Thermals in a uniform environment | |
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| Dimensional arguments and laboratory experiments | |
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| Buoyant vortex rings | |
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| 'Starting plumes' | |
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| Line thermals and bent-over plumes | |
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| The non-uniform environment | |
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| Motions in an unstable environment | |
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| Plumes in a stable environment | |
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| Forced plumes and vortex rings in a stable environment | |
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| Environmental turbulence | |
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| Convection from Heated Surfaces | |
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| The theory of convection between horizontal plates | |
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| The governing parameters | |
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| Linear stability theory | |
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| Finite amplitude convection | |
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| Laboratory and numerical experiments on parallel plate convection | |
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| Observations of laminar convection | |
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| Measurements at larger Rayleigh numbers | |
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| Numerical experiments | |
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| The interaction between convective elements and their environment | |
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| The formation of plumes or thermals near a horizontal boundary | |
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| The environment as an ensemble of convection elements | |
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| Convection from small sources in a confined region | |
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| Penetrative convection | |
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| Convection with other shapes of boundary | |
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| A heated vertical wall | |
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| Buoyancy layers at vertical and sloping boundaries | |
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| Convection in a slot | |
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| Double-Diffusive Convection | |
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| The stability problem | |
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| The mechanism of instability | |
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| Linear stability analysis | |
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| The form of the convection cells | |
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| Finite amplitude calculations | |
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| The formation of layers: experiments and observations | |
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| The 'diffusive' regime | |
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| The 'finger' regime | |
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| Side boundaries and horizontal gradients | |
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| Related observations in the ocean | |
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| The fluxes across an interface | |
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| Measurements in the 'diffusive' regime | |
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| The time-history of several convecting layers | |
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| Fluxes and structure at a 'finger' interface | |
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| The thickness of a 'finger' interface | |
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| Convection in a region of variable depth | |
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| Mixing Across Density Interfaces | |
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| Laboratory experiments | |
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| Stirring with oscillating grids | |
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| Mixing driven by a surface stress | |
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| The influence of molecular processes | |
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| Comparison of various methods of stirring | |
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| Geophysical applications | |
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| The wind-mixed surface layer | |
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| Seasonal changes of a thermocline | |
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| Mixing at an atmospheric inversion | |
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| Other factors limiting the depth of a mixed layer | |
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| Internal mixing Processes | |
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| The observational data | |
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| Critical Richardson number criteria | |
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| Examples of equilibrium conditions | |
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| Non-equilibrium conditions: step formation | |
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| Energetics of a layered system | |
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| Wave-induced mixing | |
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| Mixing at existing interfaces | |
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| Formation of layers from a smooth gradient | |
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| Statistical aspects of wave generation and breaking | |
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| Waves and turbulence in large scale flows | |
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| Bibliography and Author Index | |
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| Recent Publications | |
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| Subject Index | |